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QUESTIONS IN PANCREAS AND DIABETES I-DEFINE Hormone Mixed gland II-MENTION -Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas -Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas - Hormones of the pancreas and function of each III-FILL -Hormones are each produced by separate, specialized cells of the pancreas, called the -----------------------------. -Insulin is released at a basal rate by the ---------------------- of the islets of Langerhans. A rise in blood ----------------- is the primary stimulus to increase insulin release. When blood glucose increases to more than --------------------------- of blood, insulin secretion from the pancreas increases rapidly and then returns to baseline in ------------------. - Glucagon is a protein hormone released from the------------------ of the islets of ------------------ in response to low blood glucose levels . In most respects, glucagon works the opposite of insulin. Glucagon stimulates the used of fatty acids as an energy source instead of glucose. -Fasting blood glucose of 110 mg/100 mL on more than one occasion is diagnostic of ------------------. - Hyperglycemia caused by an absolute lack of insulin is known as type --------------------------------.It results from ------------------- destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. -Hyperglycemia caused by cellular insensitivity to insulin is called type 2 diabetes . -The number one risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus is-----------------------. -------------------------- is an inflammation of the pancreas characterized by autodigestion of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes leading to areas of cell necrosis and hemorrhage. IV-TRUE OR FALSE -Non-fasting plasma glucose of greater than 200 mg/100 mL with symptoms of polyurea, polydipsia, and polyphagia is diagnostic of diabetes. -The genetic tendency to develop diabetes is strong. -Glucose in the urine may or may not be indicative of diabetes. - Under most conditions, glucose is not present in the urine of healthy, non-pregnant individuals. -Diabetic Ketoacidosis is almost always restricted to type 1 diabetics -Diabetic ketoacidosis may occur after physical stress such as pregnancy or an acute illness or trauma. But sometimes it is the presenting symptom. -Pancreatitis may occur as a result of blockage of the pancreatic duct, usually caused by a gallstone in the common bile duct. V-MCQ Of Clinical Manifestations of diabetes a- Increased rate of infections because of increased glucose concentration in mucus secretions, poor immune function, and reduced blood flow. b- Visual changes . c- Paresthesias, or abnormalities in sensation. d- Vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection), e-Fatigue and muscle weakness Long-Term Complications of diabetes a- Microvascular damage occurs to the small arterioles, the capillaries, and the venules. b- Vision Loss c- Renal Damage d- diabetic neuropathy. e- all *Clinical Manifestations of Pancreatic Cancer a-It may be asymptomatic (until advanced). b- Pain may be an early complaint or may occur only with advanced disease. c-Advanced disease is associated with jaundice, d- Metastases to the brain and lung are common. e- Mortality is nearly 100% within 5 years.