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Joints and Movement All joints have hyaline cartilage between bones to prevent pain and damage caused by friction. The cartilage is then surrounded by synovial fluid and a membrane. Joints in upper limbs= Mobility Joints in lower limbs= Stability Different joints produce different types of movement Type of joint Hinge Movement possible Location Example Flexion, Extension Elbow Knee Bicep curl Kicking a football Ball and Socket Flexion, Extension, adduction, abduction, rotation Shoulder Hip Bowling a cricket ball Driving the leg up on take off to clear the bar in high jump Function of the skeleton Movement Support Protection Where bones meet they form joints. These create leavers. Tendons attach bone to muscle giving movement. E.g. throwing a shot put or releasing an archery bow Supports the body in a variety of positions e.g. standing/sitting. Gives the body shape and provides a framework. Affects an individual’s body composition. Reduces chance of injury/protects from damage. E.g. cranium (skull) protects the brain; ribs protect the heart and lungs. Important for contact sports e.g. Rugby when tackling Types of Movement Flexion Angle at the joint becomes smaller Extension Angle at the joint becomes larger Abduction Movement away from the centre of the body (abduct= to take away) Movement towards the centre of the body (adding to the body) Movement around a point Adduction Rotation Elbow Knee Joint 1.2.5 The Skeletal System Exercise and the Skeletal System Increases bone density- heavier bones are stronger bones Thicker and stronger ligaments and tendons increases joint flexibility and allows more power in movements. Note: Certain activities such as weight training and long distance running can cause bones to develop unevenly in young people. Importance of Weight Bearing Exercise With age bones become lighter and their strength and density decrease. This can lead to osteoporosis, meaning bones break easily. Weight bearing exercises, like walking, running and aerobics can help prevent/delay this. Injuries Fracture- a broken or cracked bone Closed fracture- the bone does not damage the skin Compound/open fractures- a broken bone that protrudes through the skin Simple fracture- no displacement (crossing) of the bone e.g. Greenstick (only partly broken) Stress fractures- overuse injuries, muscles become fatigued and unable to absorb impact, this is then transferred to the bone causing stress. Common in lower limbs. Joint injuries Movement past the joints range will damage the tendons and ligaments. Common joint injuries include: Tennis/Golfers elbow: overuse injuries caused by repetitive strain on a joint. Dislocations: bone at the joint is forced out of its normal position. Signs include deformity, pain and swelling. Sprains: Damage to a ligament e.g. twisted ankle, joint is forces inwards tearing the ligaments holding the ankle together. Common in lower limbs. Bruising, swelling, instability, and painful movement are common symptoms. Torn Cartilage: damage to the elastic substance (cartilage) at the ends of the bone. Common in the knee, the individual will fall to the floor, with pain on the inside. Strains: Damage to the tendon which holds the muscle to the bone. Caused by overstretching. Pain, weakness, and muscle spasms are common symptoms Treatment (minor injuries) R- Rest: cease activity and break from training I- Ice: apply a cold compress, will reduce swelling and provide some pain relief C- Compression: apply pressure, while holding the ice pack to the injury E- Elevation: Raise the injury, reducing swelling Diet- can strengthen bones & prevent some injuries 1. a calcium rich diet, aids bone growth & density e.g. milk, cheese and yogurt 2. Vitamin D, essential for growth and maintenance of bones, helps absorption of calcium. Made in the body when the skin is exposed to sunlight 3. Smoking & too much alcohol have a toxic effect on bones