Download PPT_Tissues

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Tissues
Modified by S. Mendoza
8/2013
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Tissues
Histology
 Cells are specialized for particular functions
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Extracellular Matrix
 Aka: intercellular matrix, interstitial fluid
 “cell glue” between cells
 Histology = study of tissue
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.41
Body Tissues
 Four primary types (functional categories)
 Epithelium =
protection/secretion/absorption/filtration
 Connective tissue = support & structure
 Nervous tissue = communication & control
 Muscle = movement (internal & external)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.41
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Epithelium Characteristics
 High cellularity = cells fit closely
together – very little EC matrix
 Contains specialized contacts = tight
junctions & desmosomes
 Tissue layer always has one free
surface (apical) that may have
modification such as microvilli
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.43
Epithelium Characteristics
 Avascular = no blood vessels within it –
diffusion provides nutrients & carries
waste away – lots of nerve fibers
 Basement Membrane
Reinforcement & connection
Defines boundaries – cancer causes a
breach in these boundaries
 Regenerate easily if well nourished
Found in areas of high friction
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.43
Classification of Epithelium
 Combination of shape
& # of cells is used to
name tissues
 Shape of cells
 Squamous – flattened
 Cuboidal – cube-shaped
 Columnar – column-like
Figure 3.16b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
3.44b
Classification of Epithelium
 Number of cell layers
 Simple – one layer
 Found in areas of transport
 Stratified – more than
one layer
 High abrasion areas for
protection
 Secretory membranes
 Named according to cell
shape on apical surface
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.16a
Slide
3.44a
Apical Surface
Identification of Epithelial tissue
See handout
Go to website:
See PPT for tissue slide study
Complete info on chart & study
Simple Epithelium
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells
 Usually forms
membranes
 Lines body
cavities
 Lines lungs and
capillaries
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.17a
Slide 3.45
Simple Epithelium
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of
cube-like cells
 Common in
glands and their
ducts
 Forms walls
of kidney tubules
 Covers the
ovaries
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.17b
Slide 3.46
Simple Epithelium
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 Often includes
goblet cells, which
produce mucus
 Lines digestive
tract
Figure 3.17c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.47
Simple Epithelium
 Pseudostratified
 Single layer, but
some cells are
shorter than others
 Often looks like a
double cell layer
 Sometimes ciliated,
such as in the
respiratory tract
 May function in
absorption or
secretion
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.17d
Slide 3.48
Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free edge
are flattened
 Found as a protective
covering where
friction is common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.17e
Slide 3.49
Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified cuboidal
 Two layers of cuboidal cells
 Stratified columnar
 Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.50
Stratified Epithelium
 Transitional
epithelium
 Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of stretching
 Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.17f
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.51
Connective tissues
Support & strengthen & provide
structure
Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection
 Insulates to maintain body temperature
 Transportation of other molecules
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.53
Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply
 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have poor blood supply or are
avascular
 Blood supply is necessary for healing (it
brings oxygen & “spare parts”)
 Cartilage vs bone: Know this answer that
we discuss!!
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.54
Connective Tissue Characteristics
Composed largely of EC matrix
Important to remember: More matrix =
less flexibility
Compare bone to cartilage: Know the
answer that we discuss!!
Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements
 Ground substance - proteins and
polysaccharide molecules that function as a
molecular sieve to diffuse nutrients & other
substances
 Fibers – know function
 Produced by the cells
 Three types
 Collagen fibers – tensile strength
 Elastic fibers – stretch with recoil
 Reticular fibers - supportive
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.55
Cells
Prefixes
Fibro
Osteo
Chondro
Hemo(cyto)
Suffixes
Blast – build the tissue
Cyte – maintain the tissue
Clast – breakdown the cells
Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Composed of:
 Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
 Hard matrix of calcium
salts
 Large numbers of
collagen fibers
 Used to protect and
support the body
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18a
Slide 3.56
Connective Tissue Types
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common
cartilage
 Composed of:
 Abundant collagen
fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Entire fetal skeleton
is hyaline cartilage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18b
Slide 3.57
Connective Tissue Types
 Elastic cartilage
 Provides elasticity
 Example: supports the external ear
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
3.58a
Connective Tissue Types
 Fibrocartilage
 Highly compressible
 Example: forms
cushion-like discs
between vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
3.58b
Connective Tissue Types
 Dense connective
tissue
 Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18d
Slide 3.59
Connective Tissue Types
 Areolar connective
tissue
 Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable tissue
 Contains all fiber
types
 Can soak up excess
fluid
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18e
Slide 3.60
Connective Tissue Types
 Adipose tissue
 Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat
globules predominate
 Many cells contain
large lipid deposits
 Functions
 Insulates the body
 Protects some organs
 Serves as a site of
fuel storage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18f
Slide 3.61
Connective Tissue Types
 Reticular
connective tissue
 Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma
(internal supporting
network) of
lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18g
Slide 3.62
Connective Tissue Types
 Blood
 Blood cells
surrounded by fluid
matrix
 Fibers are visible
during clotting
 Functions as the
transport vehicle
for materials
Figure 3.18h
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.63
Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue is highly vascular & highly
cellular
Less matrix = more flexibility
More blood flow = more ATP made
Elongated shape
Actin & myosin – contractile
myofilaments
Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.64
Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal muscle
 Voluntary control
 Cells attach to connective
tissue
 Cells are striated (striped)
 Cells have more than one
nucleus (multinucleate)
Figure 3.19b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.65
Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Involuntary muscle
 Surrounds hollow
organs
 Attached to other
smooth muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
(uninucleate)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.19a
Slide 3.67
Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the heart Function is to pump
blood (involuntary
control)
 Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at
intercalated disks and
split at the bifurcations
Bifurcation
 Cells are striated
 One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.66
Nervous Tissue
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves
Carry electrical signals
Neurons: generate & conduct
electricity
Usually nonregenerative
Neuroglia: support neurons
Brain tumors?
Tissue Repair
1. Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed
tissue by proliferation of the same type of cells.
2. Fibrosis is the replacement of destroyed tissue by
connective (scar) tissue.
3. The major type of tissue repair that takes place is
determined by:
a. The type of tissue injured
b. The severity of the injury