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From: DNA and the Immune System Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(2):169-171. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-2-199701150-00015 Figure Legend: Immunologic activities of bacterial DNA.The immunologic properties of bacterial DNA result from CpG motifs and may influence the human immune system in several settings. A. In normal immunity, bacterial DNA can nonspecifically stimulate the immune system by activating cytokine production and B-cell immunoglobulin secretion. B. Normal humans produce antibodies to DNA that target specific sequences exclusive to bacterial DNA. In persons with systemic lupus erythematosus, antibodies to DNA bind conserved backbone determinants present on both bacterial and mammalian DNA. C. Antisense agents are small oligonucleotides that can block specific gene expression. Because of their sequence and backbone modifications (shown schematically by the zig-zag line), some antisense compounds can also mimic bacterial DNA and nonspecifically promote B-cell activation (see panel A). D. The DNA vaccines are plasmid constructs encoding a foreign protein that is then released into the immune system of the host, where it serves as an antigen that stimulates targeted protective immunity. These plasmids are taken up by cells and lead to effective B-cell and T-cell responses. The potency of these vaccines may be nonspecifically enhanced by the presence of CpG motifs through mechanisms similar to those shown in panel A. Ag = antigen; IFN = interferon; Ig = immune globulin; IL = interleukin; NK = natural killer; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus. Date of download: 8/9/2017 Copyright © American College of Physicians. All rights reserved.
