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LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ LET US GO OVER THE SYLLABUS ! THIS IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN ____________________________ AND YOUR PROFESSOR. ! AFTER SIGNING THIS CONTRACT YOU ARE BOUND TO ______________________THAT IS IN IT. ! WHAT IF YOU DON’T LIKE SOMETHING ON THE SYLLABUS? (PLEASE FIND THE NEAREST EXIT) WHAT IS BIOLOGY? ! BIOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF ____________________________ BIOLOGISTS ARE MOVING CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDING: ! HOW A SINGLE CELL DEVELOPS INTO AN ORGANISM ! HOW PLANTS CONVERT SUNLIGHT TO CHEMICAL ENERGY ! HOW THE HUMAN MIND WORKS ! HOW LIVING THINGS INTERACT IN COMMUNITIES ! HOW LIFE’S DIVERSITY EVOLVED FROM THE FIRST MICROBES WHAT IS BIOLOGY? ! LIFE’S BASIC ____________________________ IS A HIGH DEGREE OF ORDER ! EACH LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION HAS EMERGENT PROPERTIES: A. ___________________________________________________________ B. ___________________________________________________________ C. ___________________________________________________________ D. ___________________________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________________________ G. ___________________________________________________________ CONCEPT 1.1: LIFE FROM THE MICROSCOPIC TO THE GLOBAL SCALE ! THE STUDY OF LIFE EXTENDS FROM ________________ AND CELLS TO THE ENTIRE LIVING ! PLANET BIOLOGICAL ________________ IS BASED ON A HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURAL LEVELS HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 1. ____________________________: ALL ENVIRONMENTS ON EARTH 2. ____________________________: ALL LIVING AND NONLIVING THINGS IN A PARTICULAR AREA 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ____________________________: ALL ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM ____________________________: ALL INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES IN A PARTICULAR AREA ____________________________: AN INDIVIDUAL LIVING THING ____________________________: SPECIALIZED BODY PARTS MADE UP OF TISSUES ____________________________: A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS ____________________________: LIFE’S FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 9. ____________________________: A STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF A CELL 10. ____________________________: A CHEMICAL STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF ATOMS LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ A CLOSER LOOK AT ECOSYSTEMS ! EACH ____________________________ INTERACTS WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT ! BOTH ORGANISM AND ____________________________ AFFECT EACH OTHER ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS ! THE DYNAMICS OF AN ECOSYSTEM INCLUDE TWO MAJOR PROCESSES: o ____________________________ OF NUTRIENTS, IN WHICH MATERIALS ACQUIRED BY PLANTS EVENTUALLY RETURN TO THE SOIL o THE FLOW OF ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT TO ____________________________ TO CONSUMERS ENERGY CONVERSIONS ! ACTIVITIES OF LIFE REQUIRE ____________________________ ! WORK DEPENDS ON SOURCES OF ____________________________ ! ENERGY ____________________________ BETWEEN AN ORGANISM AND ENVIRONMENT ! ! OFTEN INVOLVES ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS IN ____________________________, SOME ENERGY IS LOST AS HEAT ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM, USUALLY ENTERING AS LIGHT AND EXITING AS ____________________________ A CLOSER LOOK AT CELLS ! THE CELL IS THE ____________________________ LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THAT CAN PERFORM ALL ACTIVITIES OF LIFE ! THE ABILITY OF CELLS TO ____________________________ IS THE BASIS OF ALL REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, AND REPAIR OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS THE CELL’S HERITABLE INFORMATION ! CELLS CONTAIN DNA, THE ____________________________ INFORMATION THAT DIRECTS THE CELL’S ACTIVITIES ! ____________________________ IS THE SUBSTANCE OF GENES ! GENES ARE THE UNITS OF ____________________________ THAT TRANSMIT INFORMATION FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING THE CELL’S HERITABLE INFORMATION ! EACH DNA MOLECULE IS MADE UP OF TWO LONG ____________________________ ! ARRANGED IN A DOUBLE HELIX EACH LINK OF A CHAIN IS ONE OF FOUR KINDS OF CHEMICAL ____________________________ CALLED NUCLEOTIDES WHAT DOES THE DNA DO? LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ TWO MAIN FORMS OF CELLS ! CHARACTERISTICS ____________________________ BY ALL CELLS: o ENCLOSED BY A ____________________________ o USE DNA AS ____________________________ INFORMATION ! TWO MAIN FORMS OF CELLS: o EUKARYOTIC: DIVIDED INTO ____________________________; DNA IN NUCLEUS o PROKARYOTIC: ____________________________ ORGANELLES; DNA NOT SEPARATED IN A NUCLEUS BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ! A SYSTEM IS A ____________________________ OF COMPONENTS THAT FORM A MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATION ! CELLS, ____________________________, AND ECOSYSTEMS ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ! ____________________________ PROPERTIES RESULT FROM ARRANGEMENTS AND ! INTERACTIONS WITHIN SYSTEMS NEW PROPERTIES EMERGE WITH EACH STEP ____________________________ IN THE HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL ORDER REDUCTIONISM ! REDUCTIONISM IS ____________________________ COMPLEX SYSTEMS TO SIMPLER ! COMPONENTS THAT ARE EASIER TO STUDY THE STUDIES OF ____________________________ AND THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT ARE EXAMPLES OF REDUCTIONISM SYSTEMS BIOLOGY ! SYSTEMS BIOLOGY SEEKS TO CREATE ____________________________ OF THE DYNAMIC ! ! BEHAVIOR OF WHOLE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AN EXAMPLE IS A SYSTEMS MAP OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PROTEINS IN A FRUIT FLY CELL SUCH MODELS MAY ____________________________ HOW A CHANGE IN ONE PART OF A SYSTEM WILL AFFECT THE REST OF THE SYSTEM FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ! ____________________________ SYSTEMS ENSURE A DYNAMIC BALANCE IN LIVING SYSTEMS ! CHEMICAL PROCESSES ARE ____________________________ (ACCELERATED) BY ENZYMES ! MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ARE SELF-REGULATING: THE PRODUCT REGULATES THE PROCESS ____________________________ ! IN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, THE ACCUMULATION OF A PRODUCT ____________________________ DOWN THE PROCESS ITSELF ! IN POSITIVE FEEDBACK (LESS COMMON), THE PRODUCT ____________________________ UP ITS OWN PRODUCTION LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ! NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM o OUTPUT ____________________________ OFF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS ____________________________ o CAUSES VARIABLE TO CHANGE IN ____________________________ TO DIRECTION OF INITIAL CHANGE ! POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM o ____________________________ OF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS ____________________________ o CAUSES VARIABLE CHANGE IN THE ____________________________ DIRECTION AS INITIAL CHANGE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ! THE RESPONSE ____________________________ OR SHUTS OFF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS ! EXAMPLES: o REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE (A NERVOUS MECHANISM) o REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME BY ADH (AN ENDOCRINE MECHANISM) POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ! THE RESPONSE ____________________________ OR EXAGGERATES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS ! MAY EXHIBIT A CASCADE OR AMPLIFYING EFFECT ! USUALLY CONTROLS INFREQUENT EVENTS E.G.: o ENHANCEMENT OF LABOR CONTRACTIONS BY OXYTOCIN (CHAPTER 28) o PLATELET PLUG FORMATION AND BLOOD CLOTTING HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE ! ____________________________ OF HOMEOSTASIS ! ____________________________ RISK OF DISEASE ! CONTRIBUTES TO CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING ! MAY ALLOW ____________________________ POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO TAKE OVER (E.G., HEART FAILURE) CONCEPT 1.3: LIFE ACROSS ITS GREAT DIVERSITY OF SPECIES ! BIOLOGISTS HAVE NAMED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION SPECIES ! ESTIMATES OF TOTAL SPECIES RANGE FROM 10 MILLION TO OVER 200 MILLION GROUPING SPECIES: BASIC IDEA ! ____________________________ IS THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT NAMES AND CLASSIFIES SPECIES INTO A HIERARCHICAL ORDER ! KINGDOMS AND DOMAINS ARE THE ____________________________ UNITS OF CLASSIFICATION LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE ! AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL, LIFE IS CLASSIFIED INTO THREE DOMAINS: o ____________________________ (PROKARYOTES) o ____________________________ (PROKARYOTES) o ____________________________ (EUKARYOTES) ! EUKARYOTES INCLUDE PROTISTS AND THE KINGDOMS PLANTAE, FUNGI, AND ANIMALIA UNITY IN THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE ! UNDERLYING LIFE’S DIVERSITY IS A STRIKING ____________________________, ESPECIALLY ! AT LOWER LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN EUKARYOTES, ____________________________ IS EVIDENT IN DETAILS OF CELL STRUCTURE EVOLUTION ! ____________________________ ACCOUNTS FOR LIFE’S UNITY AND DIVERSITY ! THE HISTORY OF LIFE IS A SAGA OF A CHANGING EARTH BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD EVOLUTION ! THE ____________________________ VIEW OF LIFE CAME INTO SHARP FOCUS IN 1859, WHEN CHARLES DARWIN PUBLISHED ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION ! “DARWINISM” BECAME ALMOST SYNONYMOUS WITH THE CONCEPT OF ____________________________ CHARLES DARWIN ! THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES ARTICULATED TWO MAIN POINTS: o _____________________________________ (THE VIEW THAT CONTEMPORARY SPECIES AROSE FROM A SUCCESSION OF ANCESTORS) o _____________________________________ (A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION) ! SOME EXAMPLES OF DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION ARE UNITY AND DIVERSITY IN THE ORCHID FAMILY NATURAL SELECTION ! DARWIN INFERRED NATURAL SELECTION BY ____________________________ TWO OBSERVATIONS: o OBSERVATION: INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN HERITABLE TRAITS o OBSERVATION: OVERPOPULATION AND COMPETITION o INFERENCE: UNEQUAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS o INFERENCE: EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION NATURAL EDIT ! NATURAL SELECTION CAN “____________________________” A POPULATION’S HERITABLE ! VARIATIONS AN EXAMPLE IS THE EFFECT OF BIRDS PREYING ON A BEETLE POPULATION LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ EVIDENCE ! NATURAL SELECTION IS OFTEN EVIDENT IN ____________________________OF ORGANISMS ! TO THEIR WAY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT BAT WINGS ARE AN EXAMPLE OF ____________________________ THE TREE OF LIFE ! MANY ____________________________ORGANISMS HAVE SIMILAR FEATURES ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC WAYS OF LIFE ! ! SUCH KINSHIPS CONNECT LIFE’S UNITY AND DIVERSITY TO DESCENT WITH ____________________________ NATURAL SELECTION EVENTUALLY PRODUCES ___________________ SPECIES FROM ANCESTRAL SPECIES ! BIOLOGISTS OFTEN SHOW ____________________________RELATIONSHIPS IN A TREELIKE DIAGRAM CONCEPT 1.5: INQUIRY TO EXPLORE LIFE ! INQUIRY IS A SEARCH FOR INFORMATION AND EXPLANATION, OFTEN FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ! QUESTIONS THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE BLENDS TWO MAIN PROCESSES OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: o o DISCOVERY SCIENCE: ____________________________NATURE HYPOTHESIS-BASED SCIENCE: ____________________________NATURE DISCOVERY SCIENCE ! DISCOVERY SCIENCE ____________________________NATURE THROUGH CAREFUL ! OBSERVATION AND DATA ANALYSIS EXAMPLES OF DISCOVERY SCIENCE: o o ____________________________CELL STRUCTURE ____________________________DATABASES OF GENOMES TYPES OF DATA ! DATA ARE RECORDED ____________________________ ! TWO TYPES OF DATA: o ____________________________DATA: NUMERICAL MEASUREMENTS o ____________________________DATA: RECORDED DESCRIPTIONS TYPES OF SCIENCE ! INDUCTION IN DISCOVERY SCIENCE o ____________________________REASONING INVOLVES GENERALIZING BASED ON MANY SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS ! HYPOTHESIS-BASED SCIENCE o IN SCIENCE, INQUIRY USUALLY INVOLVES ____________________________AND o TESTING HYPOTHESES HYPOTHESES ARE HYPOTHETICAL ____________________________ LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ THE ROLE OF HYPOTHESES ! IN SCIENCE, A ____________________________IS A TENTATIVE ANSWER TO A WELL-FRAMED ____________________________ ! A HYPOTHESIS IS AN ____________________________ON TRIAL, MAKING A PREDICTION THAT CAN BE TESTED DEDUCTION ! THE “IF…THEN” LOGIC OF HYPOTHESIS-BASED SCIENCE ! IN DEDUCTIVE REASONING, THE LOGIC FLOWS FROM THE ____________________________TO ! THE SPECIFIC IF A HYPOTHESIS IS CORRECT, THEN WE CAN EXPECT A ____________________________OUTCOME HYPOTHESES IN INQUIRY ! A SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESIS MUST HAVE TWO IMPORTANT QUALITIES: o IT MUST BE ____________________________ o IT MUST BE ____________________________ MYTH OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ! THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS AN ____________________________ PROCESS OF INQUIRY ! VERY FEW SCIENTIFIC ___________________________ ADHERE RIGIDLY TO THE “TEXTBOOK” SCIENTIFIC METHOD A CASE STUDY IN SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: INVESTIGATING MIMICRY IN SNAKE POPULATIONS ! IN ____________________________, A HARMLESS SPECIES RESEMBLES A HARMFUL SPECIES ! AN EXAMPLE OF MIMICRY IS A STINGING HONEYBEE AND A NONSTINGING MIMIC, A FLOWER FLY A CASE STUDY IN SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: INVESTIGATING MIMICRY IN SNAKE POPULATIONS ! THIS CASE STUDY EXAMINES KING SNAKES’ MIMICRY OF POISONOUS CORAL SNAKES ! THE HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT MIMICS BENEFIT WHEN PREDATORS MISTAKE THEM FOR ! HARMFUL SPECIES THE MIMICRY HYPOTHESIS PREDICTS THAT PREDATORS IN NON–CORAL SNAKE AREAS WILL ATTACK KING SNAKES MORE FREQUENTLY THAN WILL PREDATORS THAT LIVE WHERE CORAL SNAKES ARE PRESENT EXPERIMENT W/ ARTIFICIAL SNAKES ! TO TEST THIS MIMICRY HYPOTHESIS, RESEARCHERS MADE HUNDREDS OF ARTIFICIAL SNAKES: ! AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP RESEMBLING KING SNAKES ! A CONTROL GROUP RESEMBLING PLAIN BROWN SNAKES ! EQUAL NUMBERS OF BOTH TYPES WERE PLACED AT FIELD SITES, INCLUDING AREAS WITHOUT ! CORAL SNAKES AFTER FOUR WEEKS, THE SCIENTISTS RETRIEVED THE ARTIFICIAL SNAKES AND COUNTED BITE OR CLAW MARKS LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ DESIGNING CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS ! SCIENTISTS DO NOT CONTROL THE EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENT BY KEEPING ALL ! VARIABLES CONSTANT RESEARCHERS USUALLY “CONTROL” UNWANTED VARIABLES BY USING CONTROL GROUPS TO CANCEL THEIR EFFECTS LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE ! THE LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE ARE SET BY ITS ____________________________, o SCIENCE SEEKS ____________________________, CAUSES FOR NATURAL o PHENOMENA SCIENCE CANNOT SUPPORT OR ____________________________, SUPERNATURAL EXPLANATIONS, WHICH ARE OUTSIDE THE BOUNDS OF SCIENCE THEORIES IN SCIENCE ! A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS MUCH ____________________________, THAN A HYPOTHESIS ! A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS: o ____________________________, IN SCOPE o ____________________________, ENOUGH TO GENERATE NEW HYPOTHESES o ____________________________, BY A LARGE BODY OF EVIDENCE MODEL BUILDING IN SCIENCE ! MODELS ARE ____________________________, OF IDEAS, STRUCTURES, OR PROCESSES ! MODELS MAY RANGE FROM ____________________________ REPRESENTATIONS TO SYMBOLIC SCHEMATICS THE CULTURE OF SCIENCE ! SCIENCE IS AN INTENSELY SOCIAL ACTIVITY ! BOTH ____________________________ AND COMPETITION CHARACTERIZE SCIENTIFIC CULTURE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ! THE GOAL OF SCIENCE IS TO ____________________________NATURAL PHENOMENA ! TECHNOLOGY APPLIES ____________________________KNOWLEDGE FOR SOME SPECIFIC PURPOSE CONCEPT 1.6: THEMES CONNECTS BIOLOGY ! BIOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE MOST ___________________________ TO THE HUMANITIES AND ! SOCIAL SCIENCES UNDERLYING THEMES PROVIDE A ___________________________ FOR UNDERSTANDING BIOLOGY