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OPIATES
Mr. Prall
INTRODUCTION
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What are Opiates?
Opiates – Any drug derived from opium.
One of the oldest drugs used by man.
They were used in prehistoric times where teas were
prepared from opium poppies.
INTRODUCTION

Opiates vs Opioids
 Opiates
- Alkaloids derived from the opium poppy.
Opium is a strong pain relieving medication, and a
number of drugs are also made from this source.
 Opioids - Synthetic or partly-synthetic drugs that are
manufactured to work in a similar way to opiates.
Their active ingredients are made via chemical
synthesis. Opioids may act like opiates when taken
for pain because they have similar molecules.
-Opiates are a natural pain remedy
-Opioids are a synthetic pain remedy
INTRODUCTION CONT.
All opiates cause a pleasant drowsy state in
which all cares are forgotten, and there is a
decreased sensation of pain.
 Opiates affect the release of many hormones
and neurotransmitters, including those involved
in the regulation of sexual behavior.
 In 2006, an estimated 20.4 million Americans
aged 12 or older were current (past month)
illicit Opiate users, meaning they had used an
illicit Opiate during the month prior to the
survey interview. This estimate represents 8.3
percent of the population aged 12 years old or
older.
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WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?
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Opium farmers cut the developing seed pod of
the opium poppy, and collect the gummy fluid
that oozes out of the cut over the next few days.
 Gum
opium – Sap is dried into a ball and used
directly.
 Opium powder – Sap is dried and pounded into a
powder.
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Afghanistan is the largest supplier of opium.
HOW PEOPLE TAKE OPIATES
Most opiate drugs enter the bloodstream easily
from many routes because they dissolve in fatty
substances and so can cross into cells. Heroin and
fentanyl represent one extreme-they are so fatsoluble that they can be absorbed across the
mucus lining of the nose. Most other opiates are
not quite that fat-soluble and cannot be absorbed
well after snorting.
 If opium poppy is heated into a vapor it can be
smoked. “opium pipe” – A pipe designed for the
vaporization and inhalation of opium.
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OPIUM PIPE
HOW OPIATES MOVE THROUGH
THE BODY
The rate at which opiates enter the brain
depends on how the user takes them.
 *Fastest way – Inject the drug directly into the
bloodstream.
 The second fastest way is to smoke it.
 When opiates are injected or smoked peak
levels in the brain occur within minutes.
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HOW OPIATES WORK
Pain relievers work with your cells, your body
nerves endings, your nervous system, and your
brain.
 When your cells are injured they release
prostaglandins.
 When prostaglandin is released, nerve endings
pick it up and send it to the brain and CNS.
 When you take a pill, like ibuprofen, it keeps
injured or damaged cells from releasing
prostaglandin.

 This
can happen either at the site of injury, in the
brain, or in the spinal cord.
EFFECTS OF OPIATES
For most of the following drugs listed, the
effects are basically the same, or similar.
 If injected, user gets an immediate rush.
 Act like a depressant, or downer.

 Lowered
heart rate and decreased blood pressure
 Slowed breathing
 Drowsiness
TYPES OF OPIATES
Heroin
 Morphine
 Codeine
 Hydromorphone
 Oxycodone
 Hydrocodone
 Meperidine (Demerol)
 Fentanyl
 Each type has a different type of efficiency…
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HIGH EFFICIENCY
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Heroin
Morphine
Hydromorphone
Meperidine
(Demerol)
Fentanyl
MEDIUM EFFICIENCY
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Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
LOW EFFICENCY
 Codeine
 Propoxyphene
EFFICIENCY OF OPIATE
DRUGS
PRESCRIPTION PAINKILLERS
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In 2007, 2.5 million Americans abused prescription
drugs for the first time, compared to 2.1 million who
used marijuana for the first time.
Among teens, prescription drugs are the most
commonly used drugs next to marijuana, and almost
half of the teens abusing prescription drugs are taking
painkillers.
Why are so many young people turning to prescription
drugs to get high?

By survey, almost 50% of teens believe that taking
prescription drugs is much safer than using illegal street
drugs.
PRESCRIPTION PAINKILLERS CONT.
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What are the most commonly abused
painkillers?
 Oxycodone
(often sold as oxycontin)
 Percocet (Perc 30s)
 Vicodin
 Demerol and Darvocet (Darvocet was pulled off the
markets in 2010 because of heart issues)
 Codeine

In 2012 there were 259 million prescriptions
for opioids in the United States!
HEROIN
Heroin – A white, odorless, bitter crystalline
compound, that is derived from morphine and
is a highly addictive narcotic.
 Heroin is a “downer”, or depressant, which
affects the brain’s pleasure systems and
interferes with the brain’s ability to perceive
pain.
 Heroin can be injected (most common),
snorted, and smoked.
 Street names – White junk, smack, big H,
diesel, dope, poppy, H.
 9.2 million Americans have used it in their life!
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HEROIN CONT.
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Quotes
“Heroin cut me off from the rest of the world. My parents kicked me out. My
friends and my brothers didn’t want to see me anymore. I was all alone.” —
Suzanne
“From the day I started using, I never stopped. Within one week I had gone
from snorting heroin to shooting it. Within one month I was addicted and
going through all my money. I sold everything of value that I owned and
eventually everything that my mother owned. Within one year, I had lost
everything.
“I was raped, beaten, mugged, robbed, arrested, homeless, sick and
desperate. I knew that nobody could sustain a lifestyle like that very long
and I knew that death was imminent. If anything, death was better than a
life as a junkie.” —Alison
“I sold my car, lost my job, was kicked out of my mother’s house, was
$25,000 in credit card debt, and living on the streets of Camden, New
Jersey. I lied, I stole, I cheated.
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Appear soon after a single dose, and then
disappear after a few hours.
 After use the user feels a state of
“euphoria”.
 After the state of euphoria the user goes “on
the nod”, a wakeful and drowsy state.
 Mental functioning is clouded
 Constricted pupils
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LONG-TERM EFFECTS
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Chronic users develop:
Collapsed veins
 Infection of heart lining and valves
 Liver disease
 Pulmonary diseases and complications
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In addition to the effects of the drug itself,
street heroin may have additives that do not
really dissolve and result in clogging the blood
vessels that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or
brain. This can cause infection or even death of
small patches of cells in vital organs.
MORPHINE
Used to treat moderate to severe pain.
 Morphine was first isolated from opium in 1805
by German pharmacist Wilhelm Serturner.
 Dangerously addicting.
 The name comes from the mythological god
Morpheus, who was the son of sleep and god
of dreams.
 Can be taken either orally or injected.
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MORPHINE CONT.
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Street names are:
Dreamer
 Miss emma
 Morf
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Never combine with alcohol…DEATH can easily
occur!
 Morphine was given to U.S. medics during WWII.
Medics would administer morphine to soldiers
who were wounded in battle.
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MEPERIDINE
*Meperidine is also known as Demerol.
 Unlike morphine, it can be used post-surgery.
 Demerol is used during labor.
 Usually taken as a pill, but can also be injected.
 Can cause cardiac arrest…
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 This
drug was found in one famous celebrity who
passed away in 2009. Who was it?
OXYCODONE
Brand name for oxycodone is…oxycontin.
 Street names:
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Oxy
 Hillbilly heroin
 Oxycotton
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Oxycontin first came to the U.S. in 1939, but it
wasn’t until Purdue Pharma began
manufacturing OxyContin in the United States in
1996 that it became widely used.
OXYCODONE CONT.
Oxycodone is the drug name of the opiate.
 It is also known as “OxyContin”.
 *OxyContin is highly addictive, and one of
the strongest painkillers available!
 Usually taken orally in pill or tablet form.
 Can provide pain relief for up to 12 hours.
 OxyContin most commonly exists in tablet
form. These round pills come in 10mg,
20mg, 40mg, 80mg and 160mg dosages.
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OXYCODONE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS…
The most serious risk associated with
OxyContin, is respiratory depression. Because
of this, OxyContin should not be combined with
other substances that slow down breathing,
such as alcohol.
 Toxic overdose and/or death can occur by
taking the tablet broken, chewed, or crushed.
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OXYCODONE LONG-TERM EFFECTS…
Using OxyContin chronically can result in
increased tolerance to the drug in which higher
doses of the medication must be taken to
receive the initial effect.
 OxyContin abuse is no different from heroin,
cocaine, or alcohol abuse.
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ROXICODONE
Roxicodone – A combination between
oxycodone and hydrochloride.
 *Often referred to as Roxy.
 A quick release, last 2-3 hours.
 Users will either snort, smoke, or swallow it.
 Top pills are “Roxy 30s”. They cost $30-$40 a
pill.
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DESOMORPHINE
Desomorphine – An opiate derivative from
codeine.
 Known as Krokodil.
 Homemade versions start with codeine, and
then “cooked” like meth would be to create its
own concoction; krokodil.
 Other chemicals can be added during the
“cooking” process.
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 Gasoline,
paint thinner, butane, iodine, and red
phosphorous (matches).
DESOMORPHINE CONT.
Taken by injection.
 A high lasts approximately 90 minutes.
 Originated in Russia in early 2000s.
 Started to hit the United States in 2013.
 Is a cheap drug; costs a couple bucks.
 Also referred to as “Flesh eating drug”.
 Life expectancy is 2-3 years.
 Why is it called krokodil?
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 It
causes an addicts skin to become green, scaly,
and bumpy like a crocodile’s.
CODEINE
Used to treat mild pain.
 Another name given to it is methylmorphine.
 Codeine may be habit-forming and should be used
only by the person it was prescribed for.
 Usually combined with other pain killers such as or
acetaminophen and aspirin.
 It may impair your thinking.
 *Never take with alcohol.
 Tylenol with codeine…contains acetaminophen.
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FENTANYL
Fentanyl – A fast acting narcotic that is
sometimes abused for its heroin-like effect.
 40-50 times stronger than pure heroin (not cut
like street heroin).
 As little as two milligrams (2 grains of salt) will
kill you.
 Currently being mixed into heroin and
contributes to most heroin deaths.
 Fentanyl Patch – Given to cancer patients to
relieve long term pain.
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SUBOXONE
Suboxone is used to treat opiate addiction.
 Comes in the form of a pill.
 Basically the same thing at subutex.
 Helps prevent heroin addicts from relapsing by
blocking the opioid receptors in the brain.
 Metadone vs Suboxone
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 Methadone
– Easily abused. Taken at a clinic under
supervision
 Suboxone – Hard to abuse, and taken home.
 A heroin recovery drug.
*It is not a pain medication!
SUBOXONE CONT.
Introduced on the market in 2002.
 Often referred to as the “miracle drug” for
individuals suffering from opiate addiction.
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NALOXONE
Known as *Narcan
 Known as a “save shot”, or “rescue shot”,
because of its ability to bring a person back
from an overdose.
 Used in people experiencing an overdose.
 Can be injected into the muscle, or squirted
into the person’s nose.
 Only works if opioids are present in the system,
and does not prevent an overdose.
 Effects only last 20-90 minutes, so the person
will still need medical attention.
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NALOXONE CONT.
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Where can you get it?
 20
states currently allow drugstores to sell it to an
individual without a prescription. (CVS, Rite-Aid, and
Walgreens).
 Pennsylvania is one of the 20.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UASuPWT0bvI
THE END!