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Current to: 2/7/2008 Common name; Latin name TREES Arizona ash, Velvet ash; Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. velutina General info Water use Useful Plants for Native Sonoran Desert Habitat in Tucson—Tucson Audubon Society Seasonality Human uses Animal relationships References to its presence, uses, etc. 2000‘– 7000’; Tree to 30’; Deciduous Bloom Mar-Apr, flowers appear before leaves 3000’-7000’; Tree to 50’; Deciduous med Bloom Mar - Apr Firewood, Building materials Seeds: birds and animals; Pacific coast red-naped sapsucker Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn high summer Seeds for birds, rodents, javelina; Shelter and nesting for birds Blue palo verde; Cercidium floridum 500’–4000’; Tree to 30’; Moderate age; Winter & drought deciduous low Bloom Apr–May; Fruit May-June Nut meat edible; firewood, building materials Seeds eaten raw or ground Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn Hodgson, 2001; Tucson, Giebner Catclaw acacia; Acacia greggii Below 5000’; Shrubby tree to 20’; Live > 100 yrs; Semi-deciduous in winter and extreme drought To 9500’; Grows to 15’-20’; Usually shrubby 1500’ – 5000’; Tree to 25’; Moderate life; Deciduous low Bloom Apr–Oct high Bloom Apr-May Browse for livestock and wildlife Thornber's 1909 list low Bloom Apr–Aug/Sep Tucson, Giebner 500-4000’; to 26’ tall; Slow to med growth rate low Blooms Mar-May; Seeds June-July Spring and fall flowers: hummingbirds, verdins bees (including bumble bees and carpenter bees); Ruby-crowned kinglets in winter look for insects. Provides caterpillar food for pollinating moths; Shelter and nesting: birds; Insects on plant eaten by birds Jackrabbits like flowers; seeds eaten by birds & small mammals. Branches used for nesting & roosting; bee fodder; host for mistletoe providing food for phainopepla. Javelina like dried seeds. Arizona black walnut; Juglans major Coyote willow; Salix exigua Desert willow; Chilopsis linearis Foothills Palo Verde; Cercidium microphyllum seeds ground for eating Seeds eaten raw or ground; prefrred by some over blue palo verde 1 Nectar and insects in flowers attract verdins, orioles; Seeds for food, branches for nesting for finches, mockingbird, mourning dove, hummingbirds; Seed for ground squirrels, kangaroo rats, antelope, javelina; Host plant for mistletoe which is food for phainopeplas; Fodder for bees; Fallen flowers: desert tortoise eat; Nest sites: doves; Nighttime roosting by many birds Seeds attract doves, verdins, sparrows, pyrrhuloxias, quail, woodrat; Blooms: butterflies; Attracts ants which attract horned lizards; Attracts bees and beneficial wasps; Shelter: wildlife. Thornber's 1909 list; Hodgson, 2001; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Tucson, Giebner Hodgson, 2001 Current to: 2/7/2008 Fremont cottonwood; Populus fremontii 150’ – 6000’; Grows to 100’; Long lived; Deciduous high Goodding willow; Salix gooddingii Ironwood; Olneya tesota Below 7000’; Tree to 45’; Bloom spring Below 2500’; Tree to 26’-30'; Long lived; Bloom May–June; Seed June-July high Mexican elderberry; Sambucus mexicana, (Sambucus caerulea var. mexicana) Netleaf hackberry, canyon hackberry; Celtis reticulata 1000’ – 4000’; Tree to 30’; Drought deciduous; Bloom Mar–Jun; Fruit May-Oct 1500’ – 6000’; Tree to 35’; Long lived; Deciduous; Bloom Mar–Apr Below 4000’ Tree to 15’–20’; Bloom MayAug, Moderate life; Deciduous 2000’-5500’; Bloom Mar-Dec; Tall shrub or small tree to 12’ 1000’-5000’; Tree to 30’; Long-lived; Deciduous; Bloom Apr–May, again in Aug ; Fruit June-Sept med 2500’-5000’; Shrubby tree to 10’–15’; Deciduous; Bloom May–Aug/Sept low 2500-5000 ft; blooms May - July; 6 - 15 ft. tall; hardy to 0°F Below 3000’; Shrub to 3’; Evergreen; low summer low Bloom Nov–May in frost free areas Screwbean mesquite; Prosopis pubenscens Seep willow; Baccharis salicifolia Velvet mesquite; Prosopis velutina Whitethorn acacia; Acacia constricta SHRUBS All-thorn; crucifixionthorn; Koeberlinia spinosa Brittlebush; Encelia farinosa low Bloom early spring Avoid in low-lying areas where cold air settles med Fruits available June to November low pods in summer to fall high seeds in summer to fall low to med summer, fall Firewood, building materials Seeds eaten raw, parched, steamed, ground; wood used for tools, tool handles Edible fruit; ceremonial wine; poultices, Niethammer Fruits, dry or fresh, Niethammer Twigs and foliage: deer & beaver; Buds and catkins: birds Buds and twigs: birds; Twigs and foliage: deer; Bark: beaver Seeds: mammals, game birds; Nesting: cactus wren; Flowers: hummingbirds, bumble bees, carpenter bees, honeybees; Browse for bighorn sheep, mule deer; Insects on plant eaten by birds Fruit attracts doves, phainopepla, orioles, cactus wrens, and many other birds; Foliage: deer and livestock Berries: birds, javelina, coyotes, fox; Foliage: deer, snout butterfly; Cover & nest: quail, white-winged dove, small mammals Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; SDCP; Tucson, Giebner Thornber's 1909 list Hodgson, 2001; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Tucson Giebner Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001; Tucson Giebner Thornber's 1909 list; Hodgson, 2001 pods soaked, dried, pounded to make flour; wood used for tools Seed pods ground for food Pods eaten by desert animals Thornber's 1909 list; Hodgson, 2001 Nectar for butterflies, attracts wasps and beneficial bees Thornber's 1909 list Raw pods sucked for nutrition; dried pods ground and used in variety of foods, steeped for drink; major source of firewood, building materials; Niethammer Seed pods attract dove, quail, raven, big horn sheep, sparrows, finches; Seedpods, leaves and bark: rabbits, coyote, ground squirrel, kangaroo rats, antelope, skunk, wolf; Twigs and foliage: deer; Flowers attract 60 species of native bees, plus wasps and butterflies; Nectar and larval plant for butterflies; Nesting: white winged doves, mourning doves; Host plant for mistletoe which attracts phainopepla; Insects on plant eaten by birds. Insects and nectar: verdins; Seeds: dove, verdins, sparrows, finches, pyrrhuloxias, quail, woodrat; Foliage: deer; young growth: jackrabbits feed on; Nesting: verdins; Larval plant: butterflies; Shelter: wildlife, birds Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001; Tucson Giebner berries eaten Birds eat berries and use thorny plant for shelter Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001 exudate on stems used as incense Flowers pollinate by butterflies, moths and small bees; Seeds: sparrows, and wildlife in general 2 Hodgson, 2001; Tucson, Giebner Current to: 2/7/2008 Chuparosa; Justicia californica 1000’-2500'; Bush to 4'6'; Cold and drought deciduous; Below 4500'; Shrub to 11'; Extremely long lived; Bloom Mar-Apr, and Nov–Dec 1500 – 3500’; Shrub to 10’-20'; Lives 90+ yrs; Semievergreen; low small amounts of nectar in flowers sucked for fun Rheumatism, internal parasites, stomach aches Flowers: Rufous hummingbirds, butterflies, black carpenter bees; Insects on plants eaten by birds late spring to fall; Bloom summer; Fruit June-Oct Fruits, dry or fresh, Niethammer Fruit: pyrrhuloxia, cardinals, mockingbirds, others, javelina, coyotes, fox; Foliage: deer and snout butterflies; Cover and nesting: quail, white-winged dove, small mammals, pyrrhuloxia; Shaded leaf litter foraged by birds looking for insects; Insects on plant eaten by birds Flowers: hummingbirds and solitary bees, plant browsed by sheep and cattle med Desert saltbush; Atriplex polycarpa 2500-5500’; Upright shrub to 6’; Blooms primarily in spring Below 3500’; Shrub to 4’; low summer/fall; Bloom Feb–Oct seeds eaten Seeds: quail; Cover plant for quail; Twigs and foliage: deer, bison, big horn sheep Ephedra, Mormon tea; Ephedra sp. Up to 4,500 ft; 1 – 3’ tall; blooms Feb. - Mar. low Tea year round; “nut" in summer Stems used for tea; edible "nut" roasted and ground for flour, or bitter mush Deer, sheep may browse; quail eat seeds; bees collect pollen Four-winged saltbush; Atriplex canescens 2000’-8000’; Shrub to 8’ tall, 8’ wide; Evergreen low Bloom Jul–Aug; Seed Apr-Sep Graythorn; Ziziphus obtusifolia 1000’-5000’; Bush to 10’; Deciduous; Bloom May–Sep; Fruit AugJan 1000’-5000’; Shrub to 7'; Evergreen; dedicuous; Females bloom Dec-Jul; Fruit May-Jul low fruits August to January Perennial; 2500-5000’; occurs in canyons, wash bottoms, and on rocky slopes; shrub to 7’ tall; Below 5000' 20' tall; Bloom Mar-Jun; drought deciduous med Creosote; Larrea tridentata Desert hackberry; Celtis pallida Desert honeysuckle; Anisacanthus thurberi Jojoba; Simmondsia chinensis Native cotton; Gosypium thurberi Ocotillo; Fouquieria splendens spring/ summer; Bloom on & off through year low low low low berries eaten Nut edible fresh or parched; said to relieve stomach aches, makes a coffee-like drink, reduces swelling; Niethammer White to pinkish flowers bloom May-September; seed capsule with fuzzy seeds, short cottony hairs spring, summer Seeds: blackthroat and white-crowned sparrows, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, other small mammals; Plant: jackrabbits attracted to it Seeds: quails, doves, finches, towhees, and small mammals; Plant provides good cover and nesting sites; Great browse plant; Insects on plants eaten by birds Nests for birds such as Abert's Towhee; Berries: birds, specifically white-winged dove, and Gambel's quail; Flowers: honeybees, native bees, tarantula hawks; Insects on plant eaten by birds Foliage: deer, bighorn sheep; Fruit: small mammals Hodgson, 2001; ethnographic records of use Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Tucson Giebner Hodgson, 2001 Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc Hill plant list; Hodgson, 2001 Hodgson, 2001; Prehistoric, historic Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list Hodgson, 2001 Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001 Leaves: host plant and larval food for the splendid royal moth; frequent associates include desert honeysuckle, catclaw acacia, and burrobrush Flower, nectar eaten; seeds ground & eaten; reduce swelling caused by crushing 3 Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn Current to: 2/7/2008 Quail bush; Atriplex lentiformis Triangle leaf Bursage (forb); Ambrosia deltoidea Warnock's snakewood; Condalia warnockii (var. Kearneyana) White bursage; Ambrosia dumosa Wolfberry; Lycium fremontii Wolfberry, Anderson thornbush; Lycium andersonii Wright's saltbush; Atriplex wrightii VINES Arizona wild grape, Canyon grape; Vitus arizonica Coyote gourd; Cucurbita digitata Tumamoc globeberry; Tumamoca macdougalii CACTI & SUCCULENTS Beargrass; Nolina sp. Buckhorn cholla; Opuntia acanthocarpa Below 4000’; Dense shrub, to 8’ high 12’ wide; Semi-deciduous; Bloom Feb-Apr 1,000-3,000’; To 2’ tall; washes, gravelly slopes & desert flats 2500-5000 ft. elev.; blooms in spring; to 10 ft high; mesas, rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, gravelly flats and along washes Below 3000’; to 2’ tall. Dry plains and mesas Below 2500', Shrub to 5'-9' tall; Drought deciduous; Bloom year round, primarily JanMar; Fruit year round Below 5500 ft.; blooms February - April; 3 - 6 ft. tall 1000-7000 ft.; 2-4 ft. tall; blooms April to October; high salt tolerance low 2000’ – 7500’; Grows to 30’ long; Deciduous; Bloom Apr – Jul; Fruit Jul - Aug Below 5000 ft.;trailing vine; yellow blooms June - Oct.; perennial root, vine dies back Below 3000 ft; trailing vine difficult to see med 3000-6000 ft 500’ – 3500’; 3’ – 9’ tall; Bloom Apr – May low Blooms Dec-Apr.; Perennial shrub seeds edible in a pinch, roasted, parched, made into mush Stabilizes soil; nurse shrub for young cacti low late spring, summer small fruits eaten raw low Blooms late March to Nov. can produce fruit yearround; reliable in spring/ summer low sweet berry used by wildlife Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001 Browsed by burros, sheep, horses Fruits used by wildlife Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001 Fruit, dry or fresh; made into beverage, pinole, in stews greens, seeds fruits used by wildlife quail, rabbits, small mammals eat seeds and leaves; larger browsing mammals eat foliage Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001 Hodgson, 2001; ethnographic evidence Vinegar & wine Vines and fruit attract javelina, many birds including cardinals, and mourning, doves; Flowers: bees; Bark: birds use it for nests Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001 seeds in fall? seeds sometimes eaten; used to make soap (root; fruit) Javalina eat it; squash gourd bees pollinate the flower Hodgson, 2001; ethnographic evidence fall small fruit is edible Bird seek out small watermelon-like fruits; javalinas dig up and eat the perennial tuber Hodgson, 2001 summer fiber from leaves buds & fruit, Niethammer fruits late spring to summer low Spring /summer low Hodgson, 2001 Fruit, dry or fresh; made into beverage, pinole, in stews low low Seeds: quail; Cover plant for quail; Twigs and foliage: deer, bison, big horn sheep; Bee pollinated 4 Fruits: deer javelina, cactus wren; Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail; Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds; Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren. Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail. Flowers: Hodgson, 2001 Hodgson, 2001 Current to: 2/7/2008 bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds Cane cholla; Opuntia spinosior Christmas cholla; Opuntia leptocaulis 1000’ – 6000’; Grow to 8’; Bloom May – Jun 1000’ – 5000’; Grow to 4’; Bloom May-June; fruit remains on stem much of winter Low deserts, Leaves 1215 long low summer low summer low Spring Fish hook barrel cactus; Ferocactus wislizenii 1000’ – 5600’; Cactus to 8' but 4' more common; Evergreen; low Spring & fall; Bloom Jul–Sep; Fruit through yr Hedgehog cactus; Echinocereus engelmannii Jumping cholla; Opuntia bigelovii Up to 5000 ft.; bloom March - April; often clumps Up to 4000’; Grow to 15’ low summer low Bloom May – Aug; Fruit: all year Murphey’s or Hohokam agave; Agave murphyi 1500-3000’, blooms Mar-Apr.; leaves 20-30 long low Late winter; must be observed to see if flower stalk is preparing to emerge; use only those Pencil cholla; Opuntia arbuscula 1000’ – 4000’; Grow to 9’; Bloom May – Jun low summer Prickly pear; Opuntia engelmannii 1000’- 6500'; Cactus to 5' tall; Evergreen; Bloom Apr-Jun; Fruit: July-Aug,Sept low fruit in summer Fruit & young pads Purple prickly pear; Opuntia violacea var. santa-rita Saguaro; Carnegeia gigantea Below 4000 ft.; low bloms in spring; summer 600'-3600' 30'-50' tall; Bloom May-June low fruit available June & July Desert agave; Agave desertii buds & fruit, Niethammer buds & fruit, Niethammer Hodgson, 2001 Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren, other birds; Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail; Flowers: bees, hummingbirds; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds Many agaves’ flowers attract pollinators (insects, & either birds or bats), & attracted insects may attract insect-eating birds. Fruits/seeds: white-winged & mourning dove, quail, cactus wren curved bill thrasher, coyote, jackrabbit, cottontail, squirrel, kangaroo rat, mule deer, javalina. Flesh: bighorn sheep, javalina. Flowers: native solitary bees fruit & seeds eaten by a variety of wildlife Hodgson, 2001 Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren. Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail. Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds Many agaves’ flowers attract pollinators (insects, & either birds or bats), & attracted insects may attract insect-eating birds. Agave murphyi matures faster and blooms earlier than other agaves. Hodgson, 2001 Hodgson, 2001 fruit Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren. Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail. Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds Flowers: solitary bees, sap beetles. Fruits and seeds: white-winged doves, mourning dove, gambel quail, cactus wren, curve-billed thrasher, finches, woodpeckers, coyote, rabbits, ground squirrel, kangaroo rat, javelina, desert tortoise; Pads: javelina, black-tailed jackrabbit. Cochineal scale insects feed on pads; Insects on plant eaten by birds cochineal scale insect host Fruit & seeds, tools, ceremonial wine Young plant: tortoises, insects, Flowers: bats, moths, bees, white-winged dove, ants. Fruits: Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora roasted the crown, fiber, medicinal; raw agave is poisonous fruit, seeds & flower buds eaten fruit is sweet, juicy; used raw or in jams or other foods buds & fruit, Niethammer May be agave species cultivated by Hohokam & other prehistoric societies. Leaves cut with "agave knife," "heart" long-roasted in pit; also a fiber source buds & fruit, Niethammer 5 Hodgson, 2001 Hodgson, 2001 Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001 Hodgson, 2001 Current to: 2/7/2008 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001; native bees drill nests into dried flower stalks Prehistoric, ethnographic; Hodgson, 2001 Fruits: deer, javalina, cactus wren; Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail; Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds Hodgson, 2001 Soap tree yucca; Yucca elata 1500’ – 6000’; Grow to 15’; Bloom May –Jun; Evergreen low buds spring to summer; fruits summer Sotol, desert spoon; Dasylirion wheeleri 4000-6000 ft; blooms May-August; to 3 ft high; flower stem to 15 ft. 2000 ‘– 3000’; grow to 3’ – 15’, Blooms May low spring low summer 3000-5000 ft; foothills of Rincon Mtns low 100-5000’; To 16” tall; Blooms Feb-May; Annual Below 2,500’; 1002600’; to 2’ tall; Bloom July - Nov Below 3000 ft.; blooms March - May; to 20" high low 1000-6000 ft. low Below 3500'; Flower to 3' tall; Woody base; Perennial; Bloom throughout year; sow seeds in fall & winter Below 5000’; Flower to 2’ tall; Short lived perennial; Bloom MarOct 1000-3500’; to 2’ tall; blooms Apr-Oct 100 – 6000’; Nightshade family; Perennial; Up to 3’ tall low Flowers: native bees; Larval food plant for butterflies; Brows for bighorn sheep low Seed: Inca dove and other birds, ants; Insects on plant eaten by birds; sheep and goats poisoned by feeding on plant Staghorn cholla; Opuntia versicolor Thornber's yucca; Yucca thornberi WILDFLOWERS Bladderpod; Lesquerella gordonii Coulter's Globemallow; Sphaeralcea coulteri Chia; Salvia columbariae Datura, sacred, jimsonweed; Datura sp. Desert globemallow; Sphaeralcea ambigua Desert marigold; Baileya multiradiata Desert senna; Cassia covesii Desert Tobacco; Nicotiana trigonophylla Buds, stems, fruits & flowers were eaten, fibers. Roots used as soap Roasted flower stalks; flowers; sap fermented to make "sotol" beverage buds & fruit, Niethammer birds, ants, javelina, coyotes, fox, skunks, tortoises, squirrels, rodents, rabbits, deer; Nesting: woodpeckers, hawks, purple martins, kestrels, doves, owls, bats. Dead saguaro: arthropod/insect Flower stalks: mule deer, javalina; Seeds: mourning dove, gambel quail; Larval plant for butterflies; Pollinated by symbiotic yucca moth fruits, seeds, flowers Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001 Hodgson, 2001 Forage for cattle low Seeds available in summer Ground seeds used to make pinole or mixed with ground corn or wheat; dried seed heads used for tea May to Oct; to 4 ft. high Hodgson, 2001; Major prehistoric/ ethnographic food source bees & moths visit flowers Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list low low Ceremonial, smoking, medicinal 6 Flowers: moths; Seeds: ants Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig Current to: 2/7/2008 Desert zinnia; Zinnia acerosa Devil's claw; Proboscidea althaeifolia Dune evening primrose; Oenothera deltoides (O. albicaulis) Gooding’s verbena; Verbena goodingii Ground cherries; Physalis longifolia, Physalis angulata Indian wheat; Plantago insularis Lamb's-quarter; Chenopodium berlandieri Line-leaf whitepuff; Oligomeris linifolia Mexican Gold Poppy; Eschscholtzia mexicana Parry penstemon; Penstemon parryi Silverbells; Streptanthus arizonicus Sunflower (wild), girasol; Helianthus annuus GRASSES Alkali sacaton; Sporobolus airoides Arizona cottontop; Digitaria californica Arizona panic grass; Panicum arizonicum Big galleta; Hilaria rigida 2000’ – 5000’; Flower to 6” tall; Evergreen; Bloom Mar–Oct Below 3500 ft.; Blooms August-September low Below 2500', Flower to 16” tall; Bloom MarAug Below 5000’; 2’ tall, 4’ wide; Perennial; Bloom Feb-oct low Javalina love it; Flowers used by hawk moths (Hyles lineata) low Flowers: butterflies and moths Below 3000’; forb; Grows 3” and up 2500-9000 ft.; low low Flower petals: quail, finches, sparrows; Seeds: harvester ants, which in turn attract horned lizards; Insects on plant eaten by birds seeds available summer to fall Seeds could be ground for food spring-fall fruit raw, cooked, preserves, dried winter/ spring; Bloom Jan–May Spring/ sum. annual; blooms June - Sept. Seeds soaked to make drink summer greens; seeds parched & ground into flour seed ground, boiled summer Blooms mid Feb to May; Annual Blooms Mar-July; Perennial Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list Seeds: birds; Leaves and capsulres: rabbits and kangaroo rats larval foodplant of butterflies Hodgson, 2001; prehistoric, ethnographic Below 4,500’; To 16 “ tall 1500-5000’; to 4’ tall; low 1500’-4500’; Erect annual; Blooms Jan-Apr 100-7000 ft.; grows 3-9 ft. tall low med summer/ fall seeds, raw or parched, are eaten or ground and used in a variety of foods Bird & bees love flowers Thornber's 1909 list; prehistoric, ethnographic, historic 2500’ – 6500’; Grass 2 – 4’ tall; perennial blooms May–Oct 1000’ – 6000’; Grass 1.5 – 4’ tall; perennial blooms Aug–Nov low warm season seeds collected in summer Hodgson, 2001 low warm season Foliage: mule deer, javalina, mourning dove, gambel quail; Herbiage: blacktail jackrabbit and cottontail rabbit Good food for livestock, fair for wildlife; valuable winter forage Flowers: hummingbirds, bees, and other insects Under 5500’; Grass 2’ – 3’ tall; Perennial; Bloom Feb–Sep 7 Current to: 2/7/2008 Bullgrass; Muhlenbergia emersleyi Bush muhley; Muhlenbergia porteri Cane Beardgrass; Andropogon barbinoides Cane grass; Phragmites australis Deergrass; Muhlenbergia rigens Desert saltgrass; Distichlis stricta Fluffgrass; Erioneuron (tridens) pulchellus Giant Dropseed; Sporobolis gigantaeus Giant sacaton; Sporobolus wrightii Pappas grass; Pappophorum mucronalatum Plains bristlegrass; Setaria macrostachya Purple & red threeawn; Aristida purpurea vars. purpurea & longiseta Rothrock Grama (grass); Bouteloua rothrockii Sand dropseed; Sporobolus cryptandrus Sideoats grama; Bouteloua curtipendula 2000 - 7500'; 2-5' tall; warm season perennial bunch grass 2000’ – 6000’; Grass 2’– 4’ tall, 3’ wide; perennial blooms Aug– Oct 1,000-5,800’; Well adapted to SW ranges; mid to low elevations (below 5000 ft) in wet areas 2000-7500'; 2-5' tall; perennial bunchgrass Up to 7000' on alkaline an saline soil; 8-15" tall; perennial Under 5500’; Less than 6” tall; Perennial grass grows in clumps; Bloom summer & fall 4,000-6,000’; Tall, coarse perennial; 3-6’ tall; Blooms Jul-Oct 2000 – 5000’; 3 – 6.5’; bunch grass 2000’ – 4000’; Grows to 2’ – 3’ ; Perennial bunchgrass 2000 – 5000’; tufted perennial bunchgrass; 1 – 4’ tall 1000-5000’; clump grass; to 3 feet tall; Perennial 2,300-5,500’; 1036"tall; Small clumps Grass family; 150 – 7000’; bunchgrass grows to 2’ large elev. range; 1-2' tall; perennial bunchgrass low warm season Useful forage for grazers while green; poor when dry low warm season Excellent forage for livestock, deer and pronghorn Blooms Apr-Oct Good forage when green spring/ summer sap, roots, shoots eaten; cane was also building material warm season Hodgson, 2001 Good forage when green; poor when dry Poor forage low Forage plant: desert tortoise Seeds eaten, Niethammer med warm season Bloom Jun–Oct 1909 Tumamoc Hill survey 1909 Tumamoc Hill survey Bloom Mar – Oct; Winter growth low warm season Bloom May–Oct Seeds and foliage: birds and small mammals warm season, Bloom Mar-Sept (more Apr– May) warm season Poor forage for wildlife, only grazed in early growth stages; worthless in winter low warm season, Bloom Apr–Sep low warm season Thornber's 1909 list low palatability as forage seeds collected in summer Seeds: numerous birds including wild turkey, small mammals; Plants: deer Important forage for grazers 8 Hodgson, 2001 Current to: 2/7/2008 Six-week grama; Bouteloua barbata Slender grama; Bouteloua filiformis Small-flowered Fescue; Vulpia microstachys Spike dropseed; Sporobolus contractus Tanglehead; Heteropogon contortus Tobosa; Pleuraphis mutica (Hilaria mutica) 100 – 6000’; 12” tall annual bunch grass 2500-5000'; 1-1.5' tall; perennial bunchgrass low low Blooms mostly July – Oct. warm season good forage for grazers low 1500 – 6500’; 1.5 – 4’ tall; bunchgrass; Bloom Aug–Oct 1000 – 6000’; 8 – 30” tall; short-lived perennial bunchgrass 2000 – 6000’; 2 – 3’ tall; perennial sodforming grass low warm season low warm season med warm season Poor forage for wildlife, becomes unpalatable when mature 9