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Vitamins and Minerals in Pregnancy and Lactation, edited by Heribert Berger. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol. 16. Nestec Ltd., Vevey/Raven Press, Ltd., New York © 1988. Maternal Nutrition: Breast Milk Yield and Composition (A Longitudinal Study in Turkey) O. Koksal Hacettepe Medical School, Ankara, Turkey Pregnant mothers living in the Ankara-f ubuk district were followed from the third month of pregnancy to 6 months after delivery between 1983 and 1986. Weight gain, health, and nutritional status of 115 pregnant mothers were carefully observed and recorded. In general, weight gain was satisfactory. The percentage of mothers who gained less than 7 kg was 19.2% and more than 12 kg, 14.7%. Although there was no positive relation between weight gain, socioeconomic status, and energy intake of pregnant mothers, the weight gain was affected by protein intake. Whenever any unsatisfactory conditions were seen, advice was given to the mothers by health personnel. Most of the mothers were delivered at Qubuk district hospital. This provided an opportunity for accurately measuring birthweight and length and observing the condition of the mothers and the newborns. The average birthweight and length were found to be 3,332 g and 50.2 cm, respectively. The low-birthweight ratio was 4.3%, which is comparable with figures in developed countries. TABLE 1. Breast milk yield of Turkish mothers (1985) Lactation period (months) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Breast milk quantity (g/day) n X SD Range 31 24 19 19 16 14 613 695 645 655 730 735 167 182 203 174 287 329 275-970 350-1070 290-935 250-985 325-1400 290-1620 355 356 MATERNAL NUTRITION TABLE 2. Mineral content of breast milk of Turkish mothers (1985) Minerals ((xg/100g milk) Copper Lactation period Iron Zinc n X 24 25 22 59 ± 13 58 ± 13 57 ± 11 74 ± 21 68 ± 17 67 ± 17 854 ± 364 722 ± 218 662 ± 250 31 23 19 19 16 14 47 35 31 30 27 22 66 53 49 46 43 38 368 228 175 169 143 117 SD X SD X SD Colostrum (day) 1 2 3 Mature milk (month) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ± ± ± ± ± ± 8 7 8 6 7 5 ± ± ± ± ± ± 11 8 8 3 5 5 ± ± ± ± ± ± 137 96 79 82 83 45 Only 1.7% of the babies could not be breast-fed, and 4.3% of them were weaned before 5 months of age. More than 85% were breast-fed beyond 6 months of age. Supplementary foods were introduced earlier, and 40% of the babies had received some kind of food before 4 months of age. The quantity and quality of breast milk were measured and analyzed. TABLE 3. Protein and fat content of breast milk of Turkish mothers Protein (g/100 ml) Lactation period SD Fat (g/100 ml) n X X SD 25 24 23 1.91 ± 0.38 1.73 ± 0.21 1.47 ± 0.16 2.3 ± 1.1 2.6 ± 1.0 2.7 ± 1.2 31 24 19 19 16 14 1.21 1.05 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.93 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.2 Colostrum (day) 1 2 3 Mature milk (month) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ± 0.17 ± 0.10 ± 0.14 ± 0.11 ±1.11 ± 0.08 ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.4 MATERNAL NUTRITION 357 The protein, nitrogen, and some trace-element contents of colostrum were higher than in mature breast milk. The nutrient content of mature breast milk was found to be similar to that of Swedish and Hungarian mothers. These findings are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3. The physical growth and development of the babies from birth to 1 year of age were found to be satisfactory and in line with WHO growth standards.