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FON 241 Final Exam Study Guide – Fall 2015 Metabolism Define anabolic and catabolic reactions. Know examples? Able to define: Coenzyme, Glycolysis What can be converted to Glucose and what cannot? What happens to Amino Acids used for energy? Where does Amine group go? What are basic steps involved in complete oxidation of glucose? If someone is exercising and they deplete glycogen stores in their muscles, what builds up? What important compound is produced in Energy Metabolism? Energy Balance What increases or decreases someone’s BMR? Components of our Energy Expenditure Weight Management Define Gherlin? Neuropeptide Y? Lipoprotein Lipase? Leptin? Difference between Appetite and Hunger? How waist circumference is used to determine health risks What is the Set Point theory? When do Fat Cell numbers increase in number and size during our lives? What is a safe rate of weight loss? Recommended levels of activity to keep weight stable Common characteristics of Eating Disorders. What Energy yielding Nutrients can be stored as fat? Know different effects of the types of Weight loss surgeries. Healthy approach to weight loss – or What works? Vitamins and Minerals Know basic functions and sources of: Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Folate, B12, Niacin, Calcium, Sodium, How Iron deficiency presents Role of B vitamins in our body Greatest source of Sodium in diets of those living in U.S. Free Radicals – what they are. What diet components can reduce their impact? Pregnancy & Lactation What are the recommended weight gains during pregnancy based on maternal weight? How does this influence successful pregnancy outcome? How is the body changing during pregnancy? Nutrition and Critical Periods of Cell Division What are the additional nutritional needs during pregnancy (macronutrient & micronutrients, including calcium) What behaviors/substances should be avoided? Impact of alcohol on development of fetus What is the importance of the baby’s birth weight? Gestational Diabetes – traits, outcomes Define Spina Bifida. What nutrient impacts? What are some of the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant? To the mom? What nutritional changes does the mom need to make to be sure the breast milk is adequate? What should she avoid? Know the basic composition of breast milk- macronutrient Infancy, Childhood & Adolescence How are breast milk and infant formula similar and how do they differ? Issue of Nursing Bottle tooth decay - cause Introducing solid foods. Timing of this and best foods. Guidelines for juice in kids Cow’s milk, when to introduce Why is there an increase in childhood obesity? How should it be treated? What are some of the factors that affect nutrition in teens? How to approach Childs reluctance to try a new food. What is most prevalent nutrient deficiency in young children – in U.S. Adulthood & Later Years Various issues of aging that impact nutrition What are the micronutrient and macronutrient needs of the elderly? Fluids? Vit D? B12? Why are these a concern? Nutrition-related concerns of elderly Alzheimer’s Nutrition issues. Thirst issues in Elderly – and risk of dehydration. Why does this happen? Define Sarcopenia Alcohol Risks of Excessive Intake Impact on Nutrition Safe intake recommendations