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Ecology
Ch. 3-4
Ecology is the study of homes!
What is Ecology?
• “Ecos”, or “oikos” =
• “logos” =
• So ecology is the study of living
organisms in their homes, or
environments.
Ecology is the study of homes!
Remember, there are levels of
homes!
Ecology is the study of homes!
What does an ecologist study?
• Ecologists study the
role of organisms in
their environment;
• their interactions
with biotic and
abiotic factors…
• the organism’s
NICHE!
Ecology is the study of homes!
The Niche…
• The ecological niche of an organism is the
“role” that it plays in the big scheme of
the ecosystem.
• Do mosquitoes have a niche? I know I
hate them!
Ecology is the study of homes!
What Organisms Want…
• To Eat!
• To Avoid Being Eaten!
• To Reproduce!
REMEMBER: Two organisms are members of the same SPECIES IF they can mate to produce VIABLE offspring…
The First Law of
Thermodynamics states….
• that neither matter,
nor energy can be
created or
destroyed.
• It can, however
change form.
Ecology is the study of homes! “ecos” = home, “logos” = study of
The Flow of Energy in the
Biosphere…
• The sun is the
source of all
energy in the
biosphere.
Light energy is transformed into ___________ energy in photosynthesizers!
In the
biosphere,
energy is
passed from
organism to
organism…
by food
Two organisms cannot occupy exactly the same niche…one will always
outcompete the other…COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE!
Producers…
• The foundation of all ecosystems
• Harvest solar energy and convert
it to chemical energy.
• Called producers because…
• These are the autotrophs…
“____- ________”
• Green plants and the algae make
up the largest portion of
individuals in any
ecosystem…why?
Green plants are not the only PRODUCERS…there are also photosynthetic
bacteria and algae, which are protists.
Consumers…
• Heterotrophs=
“_____ -________”
• Any organism which feeds
off of another organism is a
heterotroph.
• There are many levels of
consumers…
An organism may occupy many trophic levels in a food web, but only one in a food
chain! How?
Different levels of consumers…
Ecology is the study of homes!
• Herbivores = consumers that eat ________.
– Are, by definition…________ consumers
• Carnivores = consumers that eat ______.
– Are, by definition…at least ________consumers
• Omnivores = consumers that eat ______.
• Detritovores = consumers that eat ______.
– Are, by definition…________ consumers!
– Worms, beetles, termites…
• Decomposers = consumers that eat everyone!
– Bacteria, fungi…
DETRITUS is the waste organic material on the forest floor or the lake bottom!
Different Types of Consumers…
Trophic Levels…
• Trophos =
“___”
• Feeding
levels
• Each step
in a food
chain is
one
trophic
level
Ecology is the study of homes!
One of these food
webs is
fundamentally
incorrect…
Why?
Ecology is the study of homes!
The Ten Percent Rule…and
Ecological Pyramids
• Only 10% of the energy at each trophic level is
available to the next…the rest is lost largely as
_________ energy…
Numbers
pyramid
Energy
pyramid
Biomass
Ecology is the study of homes!pyramid
The Ten Percent Rule in
Action…
Ecology is the study of homes!
So, How Many Calories Are
Available at Each Level?
18,500 Cal.
Ecology is the study of homes!
So, How Many Kilograms Are
Needed to Support the Next Level?
25,140 kg
Ecology is the study of homes!
Carrying Capacity
• Every ecosystem has a carrying capacity for
the populations that live there.
Ecology is the study of homes!
Competition in the Ecosystem…
• Competition is ALWAYS based upon some
resource…
– Examples…
• The Competitive Exclusion Principle states
that no two species can occupy exactly the
same niche at the same time in the same
place!
Ecology is the study of homes!
Symbiotic Relationships…
• “sym” =
• “bio” =
• Relationships in which two organisms live
together…
Ecology is the study of homes!
• Three different types of symbiotic
relationships:
– Mutualism : both species benefit from the
relationship EX:
– Commensalism: One species benefits and the
other is unaffected EX:
– Parasitism: One species benefits and the other
is harmed EX:
Ecology is the study of homes!
Succession…
Ecology is the study of homes!
Ole Mose and his lunch date!
Ecology is the study of homes!
Ocean Food Web…
Ecology is the study of homes!
Ecology is the study of homes!
• Cycles video
Ecology is the study of homes!
Predation…
• There are
predators
• …And there
is prey!
Ecology is the study of homes!
Ecology is the study of homes!
Ecology is the study of homes!
Ecology is the study of homes!
Environmental Factors:
• Biotic factors…
– Examples…
• Abiotic factors…
– Examples///
Ecology is the study of homes!