* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The World at War - Merrillville Community School
Pursuit of Nazi collaborators wikipedia , lookup
Western betrayal wikipedia , lookup
Allied Control Council wikipedia , lookup
Role of music in World War II wikipedia , lookup
British propaganda during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
New Order (Nazism) wikipedia , lookup
World War II by country wikipedia , lookup
Collaboration with the Axis Powers wikipedia , lookup
Aftermath of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Economy of Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
Diplomatic history of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Consequences of Nazism wikipedia , lookup
Home front during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Technology during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Allies of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor wikipedia , lookup
American Theater (World War II) wikipedia , lookup
Causes of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Foreign relations of the Axis powers wikipedia , lookup
Allied war crimes during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Chapter Twenty-Five World War II, 1941–1945 Section 1: Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos The Manhattan Project created a community of scientists whose mission was to build the atomic bomb The scientists and their families lived in the remote, isolated community of Los Alamos They formed a close-knit community, united by antagonism toward the Army and secrecy from the outside world Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientists developed a strong sense of camaraderie as they struggled to develop the atomic bomb. U.S Germany Great Britain Italy Section 2 The Coming of World War II The Shadows of War The global character of the Great Depression accelerated a breakdown in the political order Militaristic authoritarian regimes that had emerged in Japan, Italy, and Germany threatened peace throughout the world Japan took over Manchuria and then invaded China They began their full-scale invasion in 1937 Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini wanted to expand his boundaries made Ethiopia a colony Took power in 1922 and declared “ we have buried the putrid corpse of liberty” When Hitler started to rebuild Germany’s armed forces he was rejecting the Versailles Treaty German aggression against Czechoslovakia threatened to force Britain and France into the war This action received the most attention from the Western powers In 1935 Hitler enacted the Nuremberg Laws This denied civil rights to Jews Hitler brought attention from the West when is seized Czechoslovakia Hitler's assertions National Socialism means peace-slogan Racial superiority of Aryans German self-determination in Czechoslovakia Racial inferiority of the Jews Isolationism By the mid-1930s many Americans had concluded that entry into WWI and an active foreign role for the United States had been a serious mistake College students protested against the war The Great Depression allowed demagogues to raise fear and hatred of others Congress passed the Neutrality Acts (5 acts) to limit the sale of munitions to warring countries Prominent Americans urged a policy of “America First” to promote nonintervention. FDR promoted military preparedness, despite little national support. Roosevelt Readies for War The combined German-Soviet invasion of Poland plunged Europe into war. The Soviet Union divided Poland with Germany and attacked Finland German blitzkrieg techniques quickly led to takeovers of Denmark, Norway, and later Belgium and France. Blitzkrieg was strategy that used fast-moving columns of tanks supported by air power As the Nazi air force pounded Britain, FDR pushed for increased military expenditures. Since 1940 was an election year, FDR claimed these were for “hemispheric defense.” After winning his third term, FDR expanded American involvement FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and drafted the Atlantic Charter This was a statement of war aims such as free trade, disarmament, and freedom from fear, want, and tyranny The Lend-Lease Act was passed in 1941 that allowed FDR to provide aid to Britain Before Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt seemed to bend United States neutrality to help the Allies in these ways Permitting the sale of arms to Britain, France, & China Transferring surplus United States airplanes to Britain Joining Churchill in issuing the Atlantic Charter The Atlantic Charter identified war aims principles of free trade, disarmament and freedom from fear, want, and tyranny Pearl Harbor The Japanese threatened to seize Europe’s Asian colonies FDR cut off trade with Japan Japan attacked the base in Pearl Harbor The United States declared war; declarations against Germany and Italy followed. The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was the site if the United States Navy’s main Pacific bases Under the command of Vice Admiral Nagumo was 6 aircraft carriers, 360 airplanes, battleships, cruisers & submarines The attack was a complete surprise December 7, 1941 Results of the Attack 2,500 killed 8 battleships damaged 3 destroyers unusable 3 cruisers damaged 160 aircraft destroyed 128 aircraft damaged The battle fleet was knocked out for 6 months Allowing the Japanese to get their raw materials from their newly conquered territories The aircraft carriers were out at sea at the time and were not damaged The USS Arizona, The USS Oklahoma & the USS Utah suffered irreparable damage Section 3 Arsenal of Democracy Mobilizing for War Congress and FDR created laws and new agencies to promote mobilization The Office of War Information controlled war news and promoted morale at home. War bonds were used to promote support as well as raise funds As mobilization proceeded, New Deal agencies vanished. The War Powers Act of December 1941 Let the president censor news and restrict civil liberties Allowed the president to create new agencies Permit the president to seize property owned by foreigners Federal Agencies that were concerned with controlling information to influence the public, the economy, or the war effort were Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI) Office of War Information (OWI) Office of War Mobilization (OWM) War Manpower Commission National War Labor Board Office of Price Administration Organizing the Economy The industrial capacity of the United States was the decisive factor in the war Civilian firms were converted to war purposes and American industries were primed for all-out production An unprecedented economic boom pulled the country out of the depression. The largest firms, especially those in the West and South, received large shares of wartime contracts The war increased farm profits, but thousands of small farms disappeared. WWII brought an Increase in the movement of people around the country Weakening of farm tenancy in the South Mobilization of nearly 16 million to take advantage of wartime jobs New Workers The demand for labor brought Mexicans, Indians, African Americans, and women into the industrial labor force The entry of these new female workers broke down many stereotypes Workers’ wages went up, but not as fast as profits or prices. Wartime Strikes Prior to American entry, militant unions had led a number of strikes Once the United States entered the war, the major unions: agreed to no-strike pledges increased their membership and won new benefits African-American union membership doubled Some illegal strikes did break out, leading to federal antistrike legislation. Section 4 The Home Front Families in Wartime The war spurred marriage rates Shortages of housing and retail goods added to the difficulties families encountered With one-parent households increasing, child-care issues arose. Some day-care assistance was available, though it scarcely met people’s needs The rise in unsupervised youths created problems with juvenile crime. The availability of jobs led to higher high school dropout rates Public health improved greatly during the war. The Internment of Japanese Americans In 1942, more than 112,000 Japanese were removed from their homes in the West to relocation centers, often enduring harsh living conditions The internment of West Coast Japanese Americans included almost everyone with at least one Japanese grandparent The Supreme Court upheld the policy, though in 1988 the U.S. Congress voted for reparations and public apologies. “Double V”: Victory at Home & Abroad African-American activists launched a “Double V” campaign calling for victory overseas and equal rights at home FDR responded to a threatened march on Washington by banning racial discrimination in defense industries. Langston Hughes wrote in a poem how long he will have to fight “ both Hitler-and Jim Crow” New civil rights organizations emerged while older ones grew. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was formed they conducted non-violent sit-ins at restaurants in northern cities during WWII More than 1 million blacks left the South to take jobs in war industries They often encountered violent resistance from local whites Zoot-Suit Riots Whites’ bitter resentment against Mexican Americans exploded in 1943 The zoot-suit riots erupted when whites concluded that Mexican youths who wore the flamboyant clothes were unpatriotic Most Mexican Americans served in the military or worked in war industries The zoot-suit riots led Mexican Americans to fear internment Popular Culture and the “Good War” Popular culture seemed to bridge the racial divisions Southerners moving to northern cities brought musical styles and changed the sound of popular culture Popular entertainment, whether in film or comic books, emphasized the wartime spirit, as did fashion. Section 5 Men and Women in Uniform Creating the Armed Forces Even before formally entering the war, the government had begun a draft The officer corps, except for General Eisenhower, tended to be professional, conservative, and autocratic Junior officers were trained in special military schools and developed close ties with their troops. The Selective Service screed out the illiterate and emotionally disturbed Women Enter the Military For the first time, the War Department created women’s divisions of the major services Most women stayed in the country and performed clerical or health-related duties. Some flew planes and others went into combat with the troops The military closely monitored sexual activity and practiced racial segregation By 1945, the majority of women workers wanted to continue to work at the jobs that they had Old Practices and New Horizons Despite suspicions of the military’s racism, 1 million African Americans served in the armed forces These soldiers encountered segregation at every point Many racial or ethnic minorities (along with homosexuals) also served and often found their experience made them feel more included in American society In Europe, American troops met a mixed welcome, in part dictated by their actions The Medical Corps The risk of injury was much higher than that of getting killed in battle Battle fatigue also was a problem The Army depended on a variety of medical personnel to care for sick and wounded soldiers The true heroes of the battlefront were the medics attached to each infantry battalion. Prisoners of War POWs held in German camps were treated much better than those held by the Japanese This treatment, along with racism, led Americans to treat Japanese POWs more harshly than those captured in the European theater Section 6 The World at War The War in Europe Beginning in 1941, the brunt of the war for the Allies in Europe fell on the Soviet Union Soviets Halt Nazi Drive During the first year of American involvement, FDR called the war news “all bad.” The burden of fighting the Nazis fell to the Soviets who blocked the German advance on Moscow The Soviets broke the siege of Stalingrad in February 1943 and began to push the Germans back. 1942-1943 on the Volga River In a Russia industrial city This was the turning point of the War in Europe Stalin & the Soviet Union complained about A delay in the second front Allies bombing campaign Would they enter the war in the Pacific Casablanca Policy of unconditional surrender The Allied Offensive Although the Soviets appealed for the Allies to open up a “second front” in western Europe, they instead attacked North Africa and Italy Churchill and FDR met in Casablanca and agreed to seek an unconditional German surrender American and British planes poured bombs on German cities that: weakened the economy undermined civilian morale The Allied Invasion of Europe The Allied invasion forced Italy out of the war, though German troops stalled Allied advances Uprisings against Nazi rule tied up German power By early 1944, Allied units were preparing for the DDay assault on France. Operation Overlord is the name given to Allied invasion Paris was taken on August 25, 1944. France and other occupied countries fell as Allied units overran the Germans Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free French forces The Battle of the Bulge temporarily halted the Allied advance This was the last major German attack on the Western Front On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered D-Day The War in Asia and the Pacific In the Pacific theater Allied forces stopped Japanese advances by June 1942 Naval battles and island hopping brought U.S. forces closer to the Japanese home islands. Island hopping is strategy of taking one strategic atoll after another The Battle of Midway that ended Japan’s threat to Hawaii This was the turning point for the war in the Pacific The bloodiest battle in the Pacific was Okinawa Victories in the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa enabled the Allies to bomb Japanese cities Britain and the United States pressed for rapid surrender to prevent the Soviets from taking any Japanese-held territories. Iwo Jima Tiny volcanic island 700 miles from Japan November-air attacks from the Americans 25,000 Japanese that were on the island only 126 were captured The rest of them fought to the death 27 medals of honor were awarded to this group of American soldiers Okinawa April-June 1945 350 miles from Japan 100,000 Japanese pledged to fight to the death Japan had 2,000 kamikazes vs. Americans 1,300 warships and 180,000 troops American soldiers made Banzai charges- these are where they try to kill as many of the enemies as possible until they get killed After 3 months 7,200 Japanese surrendered Americans had over 50,000 casualties Bloodiest battle in the Pacific Section 7 The Last Stages of the War The Holocaust The German decrees of 1935 that denied civil rights to Jews are known as the Nuremberg Laws The horror of the Nazi’s systematic extermination of 6 million Jews, 250, 000 Gypsies, 60,000 homosexuals, and other “inferior” races was slow to enter American consciousness. . Hitler preaches Hate Anti-Semitism-prejudice & discrimination against Jewish people Hitler blamed Jews for all the bad things that had happened to Germany Communism Inflation Abstract painting The defeat of WWI Nazi begin the Persecution As soon as Hitler gained power he started to exterminate the Jews Urged Germans to boycott Jewish-owned business Jews were banned from civil service, banking, the stock exchange, law, journalism, & medicine Nuremburg laws Denied German citizenship to Jews Banned marriage between Jews & non-Jews Segregated Jews Hitler already coming up with a final solution for the Jews Newspapers were controlled by Hitler and stated that the Jews were bad Children were taught that Jews were polluting German society & culture Jewish Refugees face Obstacles 1933-1937 more than 120,000 Jews fled Germany & Nazi controlled Austria Including Albert Einstein Some Jews were not welcomed into other countries The Great Depression was still going on The U.S. and other countries would not let Jews into their countries Nazi’s build concentration camps 1933 is when the first concentration camp was opened This is where specific groups of people are confined The camps were designed to contain the people not kill them Jews as well as Aryans that were involved with Jews were sent here Others included: Gypsies, Jehovah’s witness, homosexuals, drunks, disabled and people with mental illness People were tattooed numbers on the arms of the prisoners and dressed them in vertically striped uniforms People were killed by: Torture Starvation diseases medical experiments • Oxygen deprivation • Hypothermia • Effects of altitude Many concentration camps were also death camps Extermination camps The largest death camp was in southern Poland-Auschwitz Prisoners were transported by trains to the death camps to be murdered They were forced into death chambers where carbon monoxide was pumped They also crammed in shower like facilities Where Zyklon B was released In death camps that did not have gas chambers the Nazi guards would just shoot the Jews and bury them in ditches The bodies of there murdered prisoners were further desecrated Human fat was turned into soap Human Hair was woven into wigs, mattress & slippers Cash, gold fillings & wedding rings were taken off of the Jews Then the bodies were burned Auschwitz Allied Soldiers Liberate the Camps The Nazi crime became real once they started to liberate the concentration camps The bodies, the human hair, jewelry and the ashes The finally realized the extremity of the genocide Many survivors found temporary or permanent residence in the U.S. The Yalta Conference The “Big Three” attempted to hammer out the shape of the postwar world The ideals of the Atlantic Charter fell before Soviet and British demands for spheres of influence FDR continued to hold on to his idealism, but his death in April cast a shadow over hopes for peaceful solutions to global problems. At the Yalta Conference The Big Three agreed to the “spheres of influence” Stalin agreed to enter the war with Japan The United States and Great Britain agreed to allow Soviet troops to occupy countries they were already in Potsdam conference Last of the Allies wartime conference July 17-August 2, 1945 Germany The Atomic Bomb The new president, Harry S. Truman, lacked FDR’s finesse and planned a get-tough policy with the Soviet Union At Potsdam, Germany little progress was made on planning the future. This was the last of the Allies wartime conference held from July 17 to August 2, 1945 Truman decided to use nuclear weapons against the Japanese Truman was aware that the war could have been brought to a peaceful conclusion with only a slight modification in policy Truman claimed the use of the bomb would substantially shorten the war and save American lives. The Year is 1945 and the Japanese have not yet surrendered. You are President Harry Truman. Your advisors have informed you that forcing a Japanese surrender through continued conventional fighting may cost as many as one million American lives. You have another option: Dropping the newly developed atomic bomb on Japan, thereby killing hundreds of thousands of Japanese. Which option do you choose? WHY? Attack on Nagasaki