Download Chapter 8 – The Vitamins

Chapter 8 – The Vitamins
I.
The Vitamins—An Overview
A. Bioavailability
B. Precursors
C. Solubility
II. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A. Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
1. Vitamin A’s Role in Gene Expression
2. Vitamin A’s Role in Vision
3. Vitamin A’s Role in Protein Synthesis and Cell Differentiation
4. Vitamin A’s Role in Immunity
5. Vitamin A’s Role in Reproduction, Growth, and Development
6. Beta-Carotene’s Role as an Antioxidant
7. Vitamin A Deficiency
8. Vitamin A Toxicity
9. Beta-Carotene Conversion and Toxicity
10. Vitamin A in Foods
11. Beta-Carotene in Foods
B. Vitamin D
1. Vitamin D’s metabolic Conversions
2. Vitamin D’s Actions
3. Vitamin D’s Roles in Bone
4. Vitamin D Deficiency
5. Vitamin D Toxicity
6. Vitamin D from the Sun
7. Vitamin D in Foods
C. Vitamin E
1. Vitamin E as an Antioxidant
2. Vitamin E Myths
3. Vitamin E Deficiency
4. Vitamin E Toxicity
5. Vitamin E in Foods
D. Vitamin K
1. Blood Clotting
2. Intestinal Synthesis
3. Vitamin K Deficiency
4. Vitamin K for Newborns
5. Vitamin K Toxicity
6. Vitamin K in Foods
III. The Water-Soluble Vitamins
A. The B Vitamins
1. Coenzymes
2. B Vitamin Deficiencies
3. Interdependent Systems
4. B Vitamin Enrichment of Foods
B. Thiamin
1. Thiamin Need
2. Thiamin in Foods
C. Riboflavin
1. Riboflavin in Foods
2. Effects of Light
D. Niacin
1. Niacin Used as Medication
2. Niacin in Foods
E. Pantothenic Acid and Biotin
1. Pantothenic Acid and Biotin in Foods
2. Biotin Deficiency
F. Vitamin B6
1. Metabolic Roles of Vitamin B6
2. Vitamin B6 Deficiency
3. Vitamin B6 Toxicity
4. Vitamin B6 Recommendations
5. Vitamin B6 in Foods
G. Folate
1. Folate, Alcohol, and Drugs
2. Folate and Neural Tube Defects
3. Folate in Foods
4. How to Estimate Dietary Folate Equivalents
H. Vitamin B12
1. Vitamin B12, Folate, and Cell Division
2. Vitamin B12 and the Nervous System
3. Vitamin B12 Absorption
4. Loss of Intrinsic Factor
5. Vitamin B12 in Foods
6. Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Vegans
I. Non-B Vitamins
1. Inositol, Choline, and Carnitine
2. Other Non-B Vitamins
J. Vitamin C
1. Metabolic Roles of Vitamin C
2. Vitamin C’s Role in Collagen Formation
3. Vitamin C as an Antioxidant
4. Vitamin C in Amino Acid Metabolism
5. Role of Stress
6. Vitamin C as a Possible Antihistamine
7. Vitamin C’s Role in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
8. Vitamin C Deficiency
9. Vitamin C Toxicity
10. Recommended Intakes of Vitamin C
11. Special Needs for Vitamin C
12. Safe Limits
13. Vitamin C in Foods
14. Vitamin C and Iron Absorption
IV. Nutrition in Practice – Phytochemicals and Functional Foods
A. What are phytochemicals, and what do they do?
B. Why are phytochemicals receiving so much attention these days, and what are some examples of
those in the spotlight?
C. What are flavonoids, and which foods are they found in?
D. What about carotenoids?
E. What is lycopene, and what foods contain it?
F. Are lycopene supplements a good idea?
G. Do foods contain other phytochemicals that may help to protect people from cancer or other
diseases?
H. What about other phytochemical supplements?
I. How do whole foods compare with processed foods that have been enriched with
phytochemicals?
J. What are some examples of manufactured functional foods?
K. Isn’t the distinction between a food and a drug pretty clear?
L. How do the costs of functional foods compare with those of conventional foods?
M. What about using sterol-enhanced margarines to lower cholesterol or other manufactured
functional foods to help prevent cancer?
N. What is the final word regarding phytochemicals and functional foods?