Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Anatomy & Physiology 120 Lab 14: Digestive System www.med.umich.edu/ 1libr/aha/aha_digestiv _art.htm What you need to know • Identify gross anatomy of the digestive system – We have lots of models and manikins today • • • • • Pancreas gall bladder Sagittal section-head Duodenum manikins • Know the functions of each structure What we are doing today • Model Identification & Labeling Lab Diagrams • Mouse Metabolism Experiment The digestive system The mechanical & chemical digestion of food • 4 Stages – Ingestion (eating = oral cavity) – Digestion (brake down of food ) – Absorption (digested product circulatory system – Elimination (waste products) Today we will be: • Taking a walk through the alimentary canal Using the Manikin & Sagittal Sectioned Head • Oral Cavity – Entrance to the digestive system • Hard Palate – Front part of the upper mouth (grinding surface) • Soft Palate & Uvula – Rise during swallowing, blocks the entry of food into the nasal cavity • Oropharynx – Area of pharynx behind the oral cavity • Parotid Gland – Anterior & inferior to each ear Found between the skin & masseter muscle 1 of 3 Salivary glands (moistens & brakes down food) • Submandibular Gland – Floor of the mouth both sides 2 of 3 Salivary glands • Sublingual Gland – Floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue 3 of 3 Salivary glands • Esophagus – Channels food from pharynx to stomach Posterior or dorsal to the trachea • Stomach – (divided into four regions) – – – – 1) Cardiac– Sm. area adj. to the esophageal opening 2) Fundic –Expanded area superior to the cardiac region (stores food) 3) Body – Lg. area between the fundic and pyloric region 4) Pyloric – Sm. Area at the end (converges with the sm. Intestine) – Esophageal (Cardiac) sphincter – regulates the movement of food between esophagus and stomach – Pyloric sphincter – regulates movement between stomach and small intestine – Lesser and greater curvatures – Rugae – lines the walls (increases surface area) Absorption – Water, alcohol, some salts, some lipid & soluble drugs • Mesentery - anchors the sm. intestine to the back of the abdominal wall (part of the peritoneum) • Small intestine (divided into three regions) – 1) Duodenum – (C shaped &10 inch long) receives chyme – 2) Jejunum – (3ft long) most nutrients are digested and absorbed – 3) Ileum – (6-7 ft long) Cont. minimal nutrient absorption & delivers undigested material to the ……….. Ileocecal valve • Ileocecal valve – “See above” and “Below” • Appendix – at the Ileocecal valve joins the lg. and sm. intestine (packed with white blood cells … though to help fight infection) • Cecum - pouch connected to the large intestine and the ileum • Colon - (Lg. intestine - about 5 ft long) – – – – – Ascending – going up Transverse - Across Descending – going down Sigmoid – S shaped Haustra - sacculations in the wall of the colon produced by adaptation of its length to that of the tenia coli, or by the arrangement of the circular muscle fibers. – Teniae coli – A ribbon-like band of tissue or muscle. • Rectum – Short term reservoir for feces • Anal canal – terminal opening of the digestive system • Liver – produces bile salts (stored in Gallbladder) carbohydrate protein and lipid metabolism, storage and detoxifications – Two Lobes (Right & Left) • Gallbladder – Stores & delivers bile salts to the duodenum • Pancreas – – Secretes digestive juices into duodenum – & secretes insulin & glucagon Duodenum Model • Mucosa – Surface epithelium -sm. amount of smooth muscle Protects the tissue beneath it (Secre & Absorb) • Submucosa – Carries away absorbed material • Muscularis – Produces movements of the tube – Circular – Constricts diameter (diameter decreases) – Longitudinal – Tube shortens • Serosa – Visceral peritoneum (outer covering) • Villi – tiny, fingerlike projection (increase surface area) • Lymph nodule – Found in the mucosa layer • Capillaries – inside villi & carry nutrients away • Intestinal Gland – located in between villi • Lacteal – located in the villi with the capillaries carries nutrients and minerals away to a lymph node Liver – Gallbladder Model • Cystic duct – gallbladder to the duodenum • Pancreas – secretes digestive juices and is closely associated with the duodenum (also produces insulin) • Pancreatic duct – leads from the pancreas to the duodenum • Common bile duct – both cystic and hepatic duct which leads to the ….. • Right & Left Hepatic Duct – two ducts (one from each lobe of the liver) joins the cystic duct & goes to… • Duodenum – What does it do?……….. Mandible Total = 32 • Teeth – break food into sm. pieces (increase surface area) • Incisors – chisel-shaped (bite off lg. pieces of food) (8) • Canines – grab & tear food (cuspids) (4) • Premolaers – Grinding food (bicuspids) (8) • Molars – Grinding food (polycuspids) (12) • Crown – exposed portion of the tooth (thick enamel) • Root – Portion of the tooth below the gum (gingiva) • Enamel – covers the crown (calcium salts) hardest thing on the body • Dentin – like bone but harder surrounds the pulp cavity • Pulp cavity – center of the tooth & contains blood vessles, nerves, & connective tissue • Root canal – blood vessels reach the pulp cavity through the root canal. • Cementum – thin layer of bone like material (encloses the root) Sm. Mammal Metabolism Determine the metabolic rate of a mouse Metabolic rate can be measured by O2 consumption rate What is the definition of a Calorie? ________________________________________ What is a Kilocalorie? You will be using a Metabolic Chamber (See Lab Handout) Notes to Remember • Make sure to wet the pipette before putting in the soap – You will not need to redo this every time ……… • Weigh the mouse & record the data • Make note of the temp. & record (**make sure the temp is stable**) • You will do 3 trials – Time how long it takes the mouse to use 5 ml of O2 – Remember “remove rubber stopper after each trial The Math: Always use the UNITS Step 1: Covert to minutes _____ seconds / 60 seconds = ______ Min Step 2: Find the average Ave # of Min to _____ Total Min / 4 Trials = ______ consume 5 ml of O2 Step 3: Finding Cal/ min /gram We will do this on the board Step 4: Cleaning up Used Soda Lime (into used jar) Clean Up Thoroughly (spray down desks …)