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1 CHINA 2 Post-Classical China(1000B.C.E-500c.e) 3 Politics Shang - decentralized Zhou(1029-258 B.C.E) “Middle kingdom” (Yangtze to Huang)-ethnocentrism No central gov’t instead alliances with regional princes Qin(221-202 B.C.E) Shi-huangdi~centralized gov’t, Great wall, Mandate of Heaven, strong unification & expansion south Han(202 B.C.E- 220 C.E.) power=Mandate of Heaven, Civil service exams, Wu Ti- Golden age, kept Huns out, expansion 4 Economy Large differences between high and low class Three main groups: Landowning aristocracy & Bureaucrats Laboring peasants and artisans “mean people” unskilled labor jobs Rice, silk, wheat and trade with India + spice islands Merchants had low standing 5 Religion • Confucianism, Daoism, legalism, Buddhism • Confucianism= mutual respect and eventually became the foundation of bureaucracy -HAN Dynasty somewhat ZHOU • Daoism- balance with nature founded by Laozi • Legalism- Qin dynasty & best gov’t = by force 6 Culture Technological advances like calendar, astronomy and seismographs ART- pottery/calligraphy Social structure- aristocratic and merit Patriarchy High knowledge of science Mandarin language 7 Interaction Silk road ~ India, Mesopotamia, Greece Little allances Spread of Buddhism due to trade with India Huns Ethnocentrism~ all non-Chinese= Barbarians 8 Comparison with the outside China Differences India Differences Emphasis on Gov’t Emphasis on religion Confucianism Mainly Hinduism/Buddhism Locked up and small market econ Huge market/trade econ Similarities Rigid social structure No slaves Similarities Rigid social structure No slaves 9 Post Classical time(600c.e.-1450) POLITICS After Han, China= three kingdoms: Northern Zhou, Chen, and The Northern Qi Wendi~ Sui -married daughter to zhou empire Yangdi~(son of Wendi) milder legal codes, Confucianism, civil service exam~luxury=decline TANG~ Li Yuan revived bureaucracy, civil service exams Hereditary aristocracy declined Tang & Song-Scholar-gentry increased 10 Economic Grand Canal by Yangdi Tang promoted Chinese, Buddhist, and Islamic exchange Merchants traded Junks Flying money or credit vouchers Inventions like wheelbarrow helped plowing, planting, etc 11 Religion Buddhism strong especially Chan or Zen Wide-spread conversions and monasteries Empress Wu= attempt commission Buddhism as state religion Envy of Confucius/ Daoist Mid-9th Cent. Emperor Wuzong= persecution of Buddhism Confucianism flourished in Tang and Song Culture Neo-Confucianism-women=homemakers Confinement of women, chastity for wives Like India widows can’t remarry Foot-binding Song & Tang technology, art &literature Gunpowder, chairs, calculator(abascus) & compass~ Song Scholar-gentry~ artistic and literary creativety 12 13 Interactions Reopening of Silk road Increased interaction with India, Persia, and Central Asia Imports: Horses, Persian rugs, tapestries Exports: silk, textiles, porcelain, paper Merchants traded with other countries and transported it to China 14 Continuites and Changes Continuites There were multiple continuities like Confucianism based civil service exams and Bureaucracy. Women also continued to have a subordinate role. Change Buddhism became popular during this time period whereas before it was unknown to China The merchant class’ role became more important to that of Chinese economy. 15 Early modern Times(14501750c.e) • Song dynasty fell to Mongol invasion leading to the Yuan dynasty in 1271 by Kublai Khan • Kublai discontinued civil service exams but surrounded by Confucius, Buddhist, and Taoist scholars • Wife Chabi = promotion of Buddhism 16 Political Ming dynasty(1368-1644) Founded: Zhu Yuan Zhang revolted against Yuan He eradicated all Mongol evidence like dress(skirts and leather), names Bureaucracy and Confucianism revived Emperor Hongwu=power for himself eradicated ministery Anyone corrupt= public beating Decline of Ming due to political inbalance 17 Economy Zhenghe(1405-1423)~ third Ming emperor 7 huge expeditions throughout world: Persia, Arabia, East indies, and East/south of Africa Huge fleets(six times larger than European) Isolation after due to Ethnocentrism, too much money in that it can be used to fix internal problems Trade allowed in Macao and Canton Trade=high Europeans loved silk and spices Also architecture became huge Religion Buddhism rose due to the rise in completion Morality books with lots of merits points for good deeds Hand in hand with Confucianism Daoism Supported by emperor Christianity by Italian Jesuits 1583 Michael Ruggerius & Matteo ricci w/ knowledge of math and Science 18 Culture Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang promoted art work Bureaucracy= lots of Scholar-gentry w/ free time pursued art careers Time of peace meant more display opportunities Confucianism impacted culture~ sayings, art,etc Buddhism and Taoism had little impact for not as popular as Confucianism 19 20 Interaction Zenghe’s Expedition With huge fleets Isolationism Europeans with Christianity flowing into China Ethnocentrism made Chinese despise foreign rule Hatred towards Christian converts 21 Continuites and Changes Continuites Confucianism continued to be major belief in China and continued to be the base for civil service examinations. Changes China went from subtly open country to completely isolated country due to the idea of Ethnocentrism. 22 Modern Period(1750-1914) 23 Politics Qing Dynasty (or Manchu Dynasty) Last dynasty of China People unhappy since foreign rule Qing= Chinese ideas The Scholar-gentry still in power but Manchus were the main power Mandate of Heaven 24 Politics continued Qing fall Corrupted Exam system and bribery started it all Wealthy were put into power again Confucius value waned Poor were neglected so lots of robbery Qing= last dynasty because deprived of needed change, “barbarians”, and crops brought population growth Lin Zexu enforced laws on opium Economy Opium Chinese got hooked & officials had no money for infrastructure Lin Zexu enforces laws against opium so British angry Opium war won by british & Chinese ports forced open Taiping Rebellion= Christian prophet Hong Xiuquan Social order, rights to Women, question Confucianism Boxer rebellion = Cixi oust Europe, Japan and America Failed 25 26 Religion Confucianism is still there but weakening due to corruption Christianity brought into China Chinese despised foreign influence Converts looked down upon Barely excepted after two Italian Christians brought it over 27 Culture Women treated horribly Infanticide Males marry lower class women to keep woman under control Mandate of heaven Art and architecture 28 Interactions Lots of Foreign interaction Europeans This made them realize they are not at the top Technology was easy level low so conquering New religions brought over to China 29 Continuites and Changes Continuites Although there was foreign rule in China, Confucianism still continued to be the main belief that everyone followed. Change China was forced out of the isolation that had once been in action and had to trade with Europeans without their consent. 30 Opium war 31 Industrial age(20th centpresent) • Present-day Hong kong pictured on the right. Politics Beginning= End of Puyi the last of the Qing China in Chaos Students and Teachers factor in China Japan= constant threat~ Revolutionary alliance but failed Japan took German land May 4th= Liberal Democracy movement but students = radical communist 1921 communist party born MAO ZEDONG communist leader considered a hero and ideas of moving forward and cultural revolution DENG XIAOPING promoted economic reform and opened China to the world 32 33 Mao Zedong 34 Economic Technological developments only some Plants used in factories Productivity growth by 1949 Match by the growing population of China Foreign trade involvement rose 35 Religion Confucianism is the most popular still throughout China Buddhism and Islam in China of the Hui and Uyghur Freedom of religion Buddhism widely influential throughout China Taoist about 300 Taoist temples spread across China Others are Ancestor soul existence and the Chinese astrology is popular 36 Religion Buddhism Taoist 37 Culture Chinese new year a huge parade Clothing and ornaments like Dragon robe Folk art Chinese zodiac New year market selling fireworks, clothing and usually decorated with lots of lanterns 38 Culture Chinese new year Chinese Zodiac 39 Interactions Foreign trade Ministry of Foreign affairs like other nations U.S. used Mainland China as counter to the Soviet Union China and U.S. are rivals in many areas today including economy U.S. – China trade largest in the world 40 Continuities and Changes Continuites Even through the modern times, Confucianism stays strong as the major belief of most Chinese population today. Changes The gov’t went from a single ruler with Mandate of Heaven to slowly developing Communist gov’t.
