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Renaissance and Reformation 1 Renaissance Italy 1 Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? New interest in ancient Rome The cities of Italy Survived the Middle Ages Trade and manufacturing. Wealthy merchant class Education and individual achievement Spent lavishly on the arts. Florence Gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists. City of Florence, Italy 1 What Was the Renaissance? The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change social, economic, and cultural changes the way people viewed themselves and their world Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now emphasized individual achievement. The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields. 1 Humanism Humanism the study of classical culture, worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Humanities, the subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome 1 Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques PAINTERS WRITERS Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world Developed realistic style Learned rules of perspective Used shading to make objects look round and real Studied human anatomy Used live models ARCHITECTS Rejected Gothic style Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans 1 Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art LEONARDO Made sketches of nature and of models Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats MICHELANGELO RAPHAEL Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David Paintings blended Christian and classical styles Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus 2 Artists of the Northern Renaissance The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England. Albrecht Durer – Germany “German Leonardo.” Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail-oil paint. Pieter Bruegel -peasant life, influenced later Flemish artists. Peter Paul Reubens blended Flemish with the Italian Renaissance. 2 Northern Humanists Northern humanists stressed education and classical learning Revival of ancient learning Religious and moral reforms. Two humanists: Desiderius Erasmus Reform of the church Bible to be translated from Latin Thomas More Social reform Utopian society. Erasmus More 2 The Printing Revolution Printing revolution 1456-Johann Gutenberg Movable type IMPACT: Cheaper and easier More people learned to read. Broad range of knowledge and ideas. Writers of the Northern Renaissance 2 RABELAIS French humanist who was a monk, physician, Greek scholar, and author Offered opinions on religion, education, and other subjects in Gargantua and Pantagruel. SHAKESPEARE English poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world His love of words vastly enriched the English language. CERVANTES Spanish author who wrote Don Quixote, which mocks romantic notions about medieval chivalry 3 The Protestant Reformation 1500s-Protestant Reformation Calls for Reform Protestants “protested” papal authority. 3 Abuses in the Church The Church gets caught up in worldly affairs Popes competed and Italian princes Popes fought long wars over Papal States Indulgences Popes led lavish lifestyles The Church increased fees Weddings, baptisms etc. 3 The Teachings of Martin Luther 95 Theses Salvation=faith alone Luther rejected that good deeds were necessary for salvation The Bible Luther denied other authorities All Christians have equal access to God Priests and Churchspecial powers 3 Why did Luther’s ideas receive such support? Germany and Scandinavia Answer to Church corruption. German princes National loyalty. Peasants John Calvin Followed Luther Predestination Theocracy-Geneva Spread to Germany, France, Scotland, England Persecution 4 Radical Reformers New Protestant sects sprang up More radical than Luther and Calvin. Anabaptists rejected infant baptism abolish private property violence to speed up judgment day religious tolerance separation of Church and state 4 England and the Church In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage. The pope refused Henry’s request. Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England. Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England. Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake. Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics. King Henry’s Wives 4 The Catholic Reformation •Pope Paul III Moral authority of the Church • Called the Council of Trent • Strengthened the Inquisition • Jesuits • Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation 4 Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Peasants’ Revolt Religious wars in Europe Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches Catholic Reformation Weakening of Holy Roman Empire Jewish migration to Eastern Europe Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands Increased anti-Semitism Strengthening of the Inquisition 4 Widespread Persecution Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics 1450-1750 witch hunts Jewish Persecution Ghettos Major European Religions about 1600 4 5 Changing Views of the Universe Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s theory 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric 1500s Tycho Brahe Set up an observatory Johannes Ellipse Galileo Keppler Galilei Telescope Confirmed the heliocentric model Galileo was tried before the Inquisition 5 The Scientific Method This new approach to science depended on observation and experimentation. 5 Scientific Advances The 1500s and 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science. Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity. Robert Boyle differentiated elements from compounds Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy. William Harvey described the circulation of blood. Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for preventing infection, technique for stitching wounds. Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope, first human to see cells and microorganisms.