Download Biology 118

Biology 118
Nov. 23, 2011
EXAM 4 - VERSION A
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Ach = acetylcholine
AV = atrioventricular
BP or HP = blood (hydrostatic) pres.
bpm = beats per minute
CO = cardiac output
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmo. disease
CRP = C-reactive protein
ERV = expiratory reserve volume
FEV1 = forced expiratory vol. in 1 sec.
HR = heart rate
HDL = high density lipoprotein
> = greater than
IRV = inspiratory reserve volume
NE = norepinephrine
NFP = net filtration pressure
OP = osmotic pressure
RMV = respiratory minute vol.
< = less than
RR = respiration rate
SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum
SV = stroke volume
TV = tidal volume
VC = vital capacity
1.
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood?
a. Pulmonary vein
b. Pulmonary artery
c. Aorta
d. Carotid artery
2.
The systemic circuit is ______ & has a _____ arterial pressure than the pulmonary circuit.
a. longer – lower
b. shorter – lower
c. longer – higher
d. shorter – higher
3.
Cardiac muscle cells are rich in __________ in order to meet the high aerobic demand placed on the heart.
a. gap junctions
b. SR
c. mitochondria
d. myofibrils
4.
Which structures in cardiac muscle cells allows an action potential to flow from cell to cell?
a. Blood capillaries
b. Short sarcomeres
c. Thick filaments
d. Gap junctions
5.
When BP in the _______ is ______ the pressure in the atria, that pressure gradient causes backflow of blood that closes the
AV valves.
a. ventricles – greater than
b. ventricles – less than
c. aorta – greater than
d. aorta – less than
6.
Normal heart valves ______________ and are ___________.
a. contain smooth muscle – stiff
b. have smooth surfaces – flexible
c. have smooth surfaces – stiff
d. contain smooth muscle – flexible
7.
In Fig. 2, myoglobin easily _______ oxygen ___ hemoglobin because myoglobin has a _______ for oxygen at most PO 2.
a. loses – to - stronger affinity
b. picks up – from - lower affinity
c. loses – to – lower affinity
d. picks up – from – stronger affinity
8.
Ventricular cardiac cells have the lowest ____, thus these cells have the ______ auto-rhythmic rate within the heart.
a. membrane threshold – fastest
b. membrane threshold – slowest
c. resting membrane potential – slowest
d. resting membrane potential – fastest
9.
The heart’s Purkinje fibers are ______ in diameter than other cardiac muscle cells so that they can ________.
a. smaller – send faster action potentials
b. larger – send faster action potentials
c. smaller – contract with more force
d. larger – contract with more force
10. Which of these will increase the force produced by contracting cardiac muscle cells?
a. Shortening sarcomere lengths prior to contraction.
b. Increasing calcium diffusion into the cells.
c. Decreasing the resting membrane potential.
d. Nothing can increase the cells’ force.
11. In Fig. 1, endurance athletes have __________ systolic flow & ______ systolic time than the controls.
a. faster – shorter
b. slower – longer
c. faster – longer
d. slower – shorter
12. What is the minimum pressure needed to open the aortic semilunar valve if your resting blood pressure = 145/95 mmHg?
a. > 120 mmHg
b. < 50 mmHg
c. > 95 mmHg
d. < 145 mmHg
13. Calculate CO given this information: ave BP = 100 mmHg, SV = 80 ml, HR = 50 bpm
a. 8,000
b. 4,000
c. 400
d. 1,600
14. Which event during the heart cycle is the shortest & contributes the least to the final SV produced by a resting heart?
a. atrial diastole
b. atrial systole
c. ventricular diastole
d. ventricular systole
15. A normal electrical signal from the heart (EKG) has PQRST waves. If the ____ wave(s) is/are missing, the heart is in _____.
a. P – bradycardia
b. P – AV block
c. QRS – ventricular fibrillation
d. QRS – atrial fibrillation
16. The stretch & recoil of healthy _____ helps maintain a more ______ flow of blood in these vessels.
a. arteries – irregular
b. veins – irregular
c. arteries – uniform
d. veins – uniform
17. In fig. 6, the NFP at the start of the capillary = _____ mmHg. Overall, this pattern of fluid movement can indicate ______.
a. - 15 – hypertension
b. +15 – dehydration
c. - 5 – hypertension
d. +5 – dehydration
18. Which of these produces the largest volume of blood returning to the heart?
a. Walking
b. Sleeping
c. Standing
d. All are equal.
19. Which of these may be a risk factor for varicose veins?
a. Regular aerobic exercise
b. Pregnancy
c. Low blood pressure
d. Using a reclining chair
20. During normal capillary exchange, the fluid that does not re-enter a capillary is _______.
a. lost forever in interstitial spaces
b. lost by evaporation in the skin
c. returned to blood via lymph vessels
d. absorbed by surrounding cells
21. The internal diameter (lumen) of veins is ____ than that in arteries; so systemic veins hold ____ blood than systemic arteries.
a. smaller – less
b. larger – more
c. smaller – more
d. larger – less
22. As a result of regular aerobic exercise, an endurance athlete has a lower resting ______ & higher resting ______.
a. heart rate – stroke volume
b. stroke volume – heart rate
c. venous return – cardiac output
d. cardiac output – venous return
23. Which part of the body receives the same blood flow (ml/min) at rest and during exercise?
a. heart
b. kidney
c. brain
d. lungs
24. The most energy efficient (low cost/reward) way to increase blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise is to increase ____.
a. diastolic BP & systolic BP
b. systolic BP & Resistance
c. heart rate & diastolic BP
d. CO & arteriole diameter
25. Which of these does NOT increase your risk of developing atherosclerosis?
a. High CRP
b. High HDL
c. Starting smoking
d. Developing diabetes
26. Post-menopausal women were often recommended to take calcium & Vit. D to reduce their risk of _______. In Fig. 5, women
taking the supplements had a ______ risk of having a heart attack or a stroke, than women not taking these supplements.
a. osteoporosis – slightly lower
b. lung cancer – slightly higher
c. osteoporosis – slightly higher
d. lung cancer – slightly lower
27. Which statement is true during the progression of atherosclerosis?
a. The number of smooth muscle cells decreases.
b. It develops rapidly, within months.
c. White blood cells can become foam cells.
d. The endothelium remains smooth.
28. Following a small blood loss, an increase in______ will be part of the negative feedback response to restore BP to normal.
a. parasympathetic stimulation
b. arteriole diameters
c. heart rate
d. all of these
29. Exposure to cigarette smoke will cause the respiratory system to respond by ________.
a. decreasing mucous production
b. increasing cilia activity
c. constricting bronchioles
d. doing all of these
30. Vibrations of a _______ produce high-pitched sounds.
a. short, thick epiglottis
b. long, thick vocal folds
c. short, thin vocal folds
d. long, thin epiglottis
31. The nasal cavity has nasal conchae covered with ______ that help ________ the inhaled air.
a. cilia & mucous – cool & dry
b. cilia & mucous – trap debris in
c. blood vessels – cool & dry
d. blood vessels – trap debris in
32. Cartilage is absent from the ________, so this/these may collapse when airway resistance is high.
a. trachea
b. larynx
c. bronchioles
d. bronchi
33. Surfactant molecules have _____ that allow them to _______ the surface tension of the water film in the alveoli.
a. hydrophobic fatty acids - decrease
b. hydrophobic “heads” - decrease
c. hydrophilic sugar chains - increase
d. hydrophilic “heads” - increase
34. Which of these is normally present within alveoli?
a. Blood
b. Mucous
c. Cilia
d. Macrophage
35. Alveoli are _____ so they have a ______ surface area to volume ratio that maximizes gas exchange.
a. small – high
b. large – high
c. small – low
d. large – low
36. If the Patm = 600 & the Palveoli = 590, someone is _______ and _______.
a. below sea level – inhaling
b. at high elevation – inhaling
c. below sea level – exhaling
d. at high elevation – exhaling
37. Which group of muscles contract when you exhale forcefully?
a. diaphragm & abdominal muscles
b. abdominal & internal intercostal muscles
c. diaphragm & neck muscles
d. neck & external intercostal muscles
38. Which person has the highest vital capacity? (Assume everyone is the same height.)
a. 25 yr old female, distance runner
b. 25 yr old male, distance runner
c. 55 yr old male, inactive
d. 55 yr old female, inactive
39. Calculate VC, given these values: TV = 300 ml, IRV = 1500 ml, ERV = 1000 ml, dead air = 100 ml, residual volume = 1000 ml.
a. 3,900 ml
b. 2,900 ml
c. 2,800 ml
d. 3,800 ml
40. Which breathing pattern has the HIGHEST intake of fresh air per minute, at the LOWEST cost?
a. RR = 20, TV = 3000 ml
b. RR = 30, TV = 2000 ml
c. RR = 60, TV = 1000 ml
d. All are equal
41. In a healthy adult, negative feedback loops will keep _______ in the _____ relatively constant at rest & during exercise.
a. systolic BP - aorta
b. PCO2 – aorta
c. PO2 – vena cava
d. pH – vena cava
42. When the _____ system releases _____, the smooth muscle in the airways constrict to increase resistance to air flow.
a. parasympathetic – NE
b. sympathetic – Ach
c. parasympathetic – Ach
d. sympathetic – NE
43. Which of these will lead to the largest increase in RMV?
a. Decrease in pulmonary PCO2
b. Increase in systemic PCO2
c. Increase in systemic PO2
d. Decrease in pulmonary pH
44. If the alveolar PO2 = 70 mmHg and blood entering alveolar capillaries have a PO2 = 30 mmHg, the blood that exits those
capillaries will have a PO2 = ________ mmHg.
a. 50
b. 30
c. 100
d. 70
45. Where will the PCO2 be the lowest?
a. Atmosphere
b. Alveoli
c. Muscle tissue
d. Systemic Vein
46. In fig. 3, former smokers with COPD had _____ declines in FEV1 than non-smokers, but treatment with statins (an antiinflammatory drug used to reduce atherosclerosis) _____ the rate of decline in FEV1 in former smokers.
a. slower – increased
b. faster – decreased
c. slower – decreased
d. faster – increased
47. When carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the blood, most of the CO2 is transformed into ______ & travels this way in blood.
a. H2CO3  H+ + HCO3b. CO (carbon monoxide)
c. C2O6
d. CO+ + O48. In Fig. 4, COPD patients in quartile 1 (highest fitness values) had > ________ % of survivorship after 48 months, while patients
in quartile 4 had < ________% of survivorship after 48 months.
a. 80 – 20
b. 20 – 80
c. 90 – 0
d. 0 – 90
49. During exercise, the ______ system stimulates an increase in ________.
a. sympathetic – RMV
b. parasympathetic – RMV
c. sympathetic – diastolic BP
d. parasysmpathetic – diastolic BP
50. Individuals suffering from COPD or emphysema can develop ________ normal pulmonary BP that may result in _________.
a. below – right ventricle failure
b. above – left ventricle failure
c. below – left ventricle failure
d. above – right ventricle failure
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Systolic time in all athlete groups vs sedentary controls. (P < 0.001).
Caselli, 2011. European J Echocardiography 12:514–519
Fig. 3 (Estimated effect of statin treatment on (FEV1))
Young, RP; Hopkins, R; Eaton, TE. 2009. Postgrad Med J 85:414–421.
Fig. 5 (myocardial infarction = heart attack)
Effect of calcium supplements +/- vitamin D in post-menopausal women,
(solid line) vs. placebo (dashed line) on cardiovascular events.
Bolland, MJ, et al. 2011. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of
cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative limited access
dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 342:d2040
Fig. 4 (Read quartiles from top to bottom.)
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for individuals with COPD in quartiles from a
combined index of BMI, degree of airflow obstruction & exercise capacity.
Mannino, DM; Buist, AS. 2007. Lancet 370:765–773.
Fig. 6
Capillary Exchange