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Biology 118
Nov. 29, 2010
EXAM 4 - VERSION A
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Ach = acetylcholine
AV = atrioventricular
BP or HP = blood (hydrostatic) pres.
bpm = beats per minute
CO = cardiac output
ERV = expiratory reserve volume
HP = hydrostatic pressure
HR = heart rate
IRV = inspiratory reserve volume
LA = left atrium
LV = left ventricle
NE = norepinephrine
OP = osmotic pressure
RA = right atrium
RMV = respiratory minute vol.
RV = right ventricle
RR = respiration rate
SV = stroke volume
TV = tidal volume
VC = vital capacity
1.
The strongest chamber of the heart is the ______ because its CO ________ than the other chambers.
a. LV – travels further *
b. RV – is larger
c. LA – is larger
d. RA – travels further
2.
Trace the shortest pathway of blood after it exits the RA: 1 – lung, 2 – pulmonary vein, 3 – RV, 4 – pulmonary artery, 5 – LA.
a. 5, 2, 1, 4, 3
b. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 *
c. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
d. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
3.
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?
a. Vena cava
b. Pulmonary artery
c. Aorta *
d. Coronary vein
4.
The AV vales are “pushed” open when the BP in the _____ is ______ than BP in the ventricles.
a. atria – less
b. arteries – greater
c. atria – greater *
d. veins – less
5.
Cardiac muscle cells are most similar to _____ skeletal muscle cells, but cardiac muscle cells are unique because they are ______.
a. red – bigger in diameter
b. red – branched *
c. white – branched
d. white – bigger in diameter
6.
The heart contains a rich supply of _______ fibers, along with the cardiac muscle cells.
a. elastic *
b. collagen
c. reticular
d. synthetic
7.
Gap junctions are made of several _____ that form large channels to allow _____ to flow between cardiac muscle cells.
a. carbohydrates – organelles
b. carbohydrates – ions
c. proteins – organelles
d. proteins – ions *
8.
In fig. 4, women who used bisphosphonate drugs to treat osteoporosis are compared with non-users regarding the degree of
calcification of the aortic valve. In these data, the users who were _______ had less calcification than non-users at that age, so the
authors suggested women in that age group _______ bisphosphonates to reduce valve damage.
a. in all age groups – should avoid
b. over 65 yrs old – could take *
c. less than 65 yrs old – could take
d. over 65 yrs old – should avoid
9.
The primary pacemaker of the heart is the _____ node and it is located in the _____.
a. SA – LA
b. AV – LA
c. AV – RA
d. SA – RA *
10. Purkinje fibers are ______ in diameter than cardiac muscle cells so that action potentials travel ____ down these fibers.
a. smaller – more rapidly
b. larger – more slowly
c. larger – more rapidly *
d. smaller – more slowly
11. The leakage of _____ across a cardiac muscle cell membrane _____ the cell, triggering an action potential without neural input.
a. K+ - hyperpolarizes
b. Na+ - depolarizes *
c. K+ - depolarizes
d. Na+ - hyperpolarizes
12. If the parasympathetic system releases more ____ to the heart, cardiac muscle cells become _____.
a. NE – depolarized
b. Ach – hyperpolarized *
c. Ach – depolarized
d. NE – hyperpolarized
13. _______ is a brief event in the heart cycle, so this contributes ______ to the final stoke volume of a resting heart.
a. Atrial diastole – the most
b. Ventricular diastole – the most
c. Ventricular systole – little
d. Atrial systole – little *
14. Given this information: BP = 75 mmHg, HR = 150 beats/min. & SV = 150 ml/beat, CO = _______ ml/min.
a. 22,500 *
b. 168,750
c.
300
d. 11,250
15. In fig. 1, line ___ shows the normal cardiovascular response, where the heart increases force with diastolic volume because ___.
a. V – less Ca+2 diffuses into cells
b. W – more cross-bridges form *
c. X – fewer cross-bridges form
d. Y – more Ca+2 diffuses into cells
16. The great stretch & recoil of healthy ____ helps the body maintain normal blood pressure.
a. veins
b. arterioles
c. arteries *
d. capillaries
17. In fig. 2, the net filtration pressure at the start of the capillary = _____ mmHg. This pattern of fluid movement can indicate ______.
a. 15 – hypertension *
b. 15 – dehydration
c. 40 – normal conditions
d. 25 – no capillary exchange
18. Which event can decrease the osmotic pressure of plasma?
a. Dehydration
b. Liver failure *
c. Blood donation
d. All of these
19. Which value is nearly zero (0) in the vena cava, under normal conditions?
a. PO2
b. OP
c. BP *
d. Blood flow
20. Dilating many ______ will decrease BP in the ________.
a. venules – veins
b. arteries – capillaries
c. capillaries - veins
d. arterioles – arteries *
21. Which event produces the largest increase in venous return of blood to the heart?
a. Cycling *
b. Standing
c. Lying down
d. Smooth muscle peristalsis in veins
22. Stella (40 yrs old) just started taking an aerobics class. She should keep her HR at _____ bpm during class for a good workout.
a. 180 (220 – her age)
b. 220 (220 the max)
c. 135 [(220 – age) * 75%] *
d. 65 (her resting HR)
23. As part of a heart healthy diet, Elmer has begun to eat more _______ and less ______.
a. butter - margarine
b. fish - less steak *
c. cheese - fruit
d. pasta - rice
24. Aerobic athletes have a higher _____ than sedentary individuals.
a. resting HR
b. VO2 max *
c. diastolic BP
d. All of these
25. As a result of regular aerobic exercise, cardiac muscle will __________.
a. decrease it’s cell’s diameters
b. grow longer intercalated discs
c. develop more capillaries *
d. store more calcium (Ca+2)
26. At rest or during exercise, ______ remains relatively constant.
a. systemic artery PO2 *
b. blood flow
c. systolic BP
d. HR
27. If baroreceptor firing increases, the ____ increases its signaling to the heart, to ____, as part of a normal negative feedback response.
a. parasympathetic system – decrease HR *
b. sympathetic system – increase HR
c. parasympathetic system – increase SV
d. sympathetic system – decrease SV
28. Over the 20-year period shown in Fig. 5, the risk of sudden cardiac death ______ METs (exercise ability) among these individuals.
a.
is not associated with
b.
decreases over time in all groups of
c.
was decreased for those with higher *
d.
was increased for those with higher
29. Which disease is associated with an inflammatory response by the immune system?
a. Atherosclerosis
b. Asthma
c. Emphysema
d. All of these *
30. Bulk flow is the phrase that describes the movement of ______.
a. gases in external respiration
b. gases in internal respiration
c. air in the trachea & bronchi *
d. none of these
31. The epiglottis folds over the entrance into the ____ when we swallow food.
a. larynx *
b. pharynx
c. nasal cavity
d. trachea
32. Cartilage helps keep most of the airways open, but cartilage is absent from the ______.
a. trachea
b. larynx
c. bronchioles *
d. bronchi
33. In an acute asthma attack, the airways _____, but chronic asthma can lead to permanent _____ of the bronchioles.
a. constrict – dilation
b. constrict – thickening *
c. dilate – dilation
d. dilate – thickening
34. Exposure to _______ air & stimulation by the _______ system will cause airways to dilate (open up).
a. warm – sympathetic *
b. cold – parasympathetic
c. warm – parasympathetic
d. cold – sympathetic
35. Smoking increases the activity of ______ but suppresses/kills _______, leading to a chronic cough.
a. cilila – mucous glands
b. mucous glands – cilia *
c. macrophages – neutrophils
d. neutrophils – macrophages
36. The watery fluid inside of alveoli is normally a _______ film, when it contains ______; this helps keep the alveoli inflated.
a. thin – mucous
b. thick – mucous
c. thick - surfactant
d. thin – surfactant *
37. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the atmosphere is approximately ____ if the atmospheric pressure is 808 mmHg.
a. 404
b. 202
c. 170 *
d. 100
38. In which region is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) highest?
a. Atmosphere
b. Pulmonary artery *
c. Alveoli
d. Aorta
39. During a quiet inspiration (inhalation) just the _____ need(s) to contract.
a. diaphragm *
b. abdominal muscles
c. internal intercostals
d. neck’s sternocleidomastoid
40. If the total atmospheric pres. = 620 mmHg, an alveolar pres. (Palveoli = ____ mmHg) results in the most forceful/largest inhalation.
a. 630
b. 625
c. 620
d. 615
e. 610 *
41. VC = _____ ml, given these values (in ml): dead air = 200, TV = 350, Residual volume = 1500, IRV = 1250, ERV = 1000.
a. 2300
b. 2100
c. 2600 *
d. 2750
42. The breathing pattern with RR = ____ breaths/min. and ____ ml/breath, is the most efficient of these & removes the most CO2.
a. 10 – 1000
b. 20 – 2000 *
c. 40 – 1000
d. 30 - 500
43. Amongst healthy, non-smokers, between the ages of 30 to 70 years, VO2 max ______, in part, because the _______.
a. increases – lungs get stiffer
b. increases – alveoli get larger
c. decreases – alveoli get larger
d. decreases – lungs get stiffer *
44. If blood entering the lungs has a PO2 = 45 mmHg & alveolar PO2 = 85 mmHg, the blood exiting the lungs has a PO2 = ____ mmHg.
a.
85 *
b.
35
c.
60
d. 120
45. Using the data in fig. 3, at which temperature does hemoglobin “unload” the largest proportion of its O2 molecules?
a.
45 deg. C *
b.
38 deg. C
c.
20 deg. C
d.
10 deg. C
46. Approximately ______ % of CO2 in blood maybe attached to the _____ portion of hemoglobin within RBCs.
a. 77% - heme
b. 23% - heme
c. 77% - globin
d. 23% - globin *
47. Great Uncle Silas has emphysema, so he has _____ than healthy men his age.
a. a greater VC
b. a larger residual volume *
c. smaller alveoli
d. lower pulmonary BP
48. If your plasma pH = 7.25, increased stimulation by the ____ system will ___ your RMV as part of a normal homeostatic response.
a. parasympathetic – increase
b. sympathetic - decrease
c. parasympathetic – decrease
d. sympathetic – increase *
49. In fig. 6, there is a statistically significant _____ in the risk of developing COPD (a precursor to emphysema), when _____ are used as
indoor fuels.
a. decrease – coal & charcoal
b. increase – coal & charcoal
c. increase – biomass & wood *
d. decrease – biomass & wood
50. A small ______ in ______ compared to normal, will result in the biggest increase in RMV as part of a homeostatic response.
a. increase - PCO2 *
b. decrease - PCO2
c. increase - PO2
d. decrease - PO2
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
V
W
X
Y
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Relationship of bisphosphonate users vs non-users to the log of Agatston
scores that measures calcification of tissues.
Elmariah,S, et al. 2010. Bisphosphonate use and prevalence of valvular and vascular
calcification in women. MESA (The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).
J Am Coll Cardiol 56:1752–1759.
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
The proportions of sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) are shown by KaplanMeier survivorship curves using achieved metabolic equivalents (METs)
during maximal exercise testing. One metabolic equivalent corresponds to
an oxygen uptake of 3.5 ml/kg/min during a maximal exercise test. The
lines are bottom to top: < 4 METs [blue], 4.0-5.9 METs [green], 6.0-7.9
METs [gray], 8.0-9.9 METs [purple], 10.0-11.9 METs [orange], & 12
METs [red]. Laukkanen, JA, et al. 2010. J Am Coll Cardiol 56:1476–
1483.
Risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with
exposure to these indoor fuel types. Kurmi, OP, et al. 2010. COPD and
chronic bronchitis risk of indoor air pollution from solid fuel: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Thorax 65:221-228.