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Organic Chemistry
Polymers
Hydrocarbons

Carbon Hydrogen molecules
Methane CH4
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
hydrocarbons
Aromatic compounds
Aliphatic compounds
Single bonds
Double
Triple
Benzene element
Rings
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(NOT Benzene)
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Groups
Methy
Ethyl
-CH3
–CH2-CH3
Amino –NH3
Flouro –F
Nitro -NO3
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Groups
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Polymer
large molecule (macromolecule) composed
of repeating structural units connected by
covalent chemical bonds.
Monomer is a small molecule chemically
bonded to other monomers to form a
polymer
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
A linear polymer  one molecule after another, forming a long chain,
the backbone.
POLYPROPYLENE
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Amino acids polymerize to form
proteins.
 Nucleotides polymerize to form
nucleic acids
 Glucose polymerize to form starches,
amylopectins and glycogen
polymers.
 Isoprene polymerizes to form natural
rubber

May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
COMMON POLYMERS
Cellulose
• Rayon
Starch
Rubber
Proteins
• Keratin
• Collagen
• Gelatin
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Epoxy Resins
Nylon
Polycarbonate
Polyethylene
Polyester
PMMA
Polyurethane
Polystyrene
PVC
SBS Rubber
Silicone
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
carbohydrate
Monosaccharides [SUGAR] are the building blocks
polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch.
(also,of disaccharides such as sucrose)
Complex carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules and are
found in plant foods everywhere.
A carbohydrate is an organic compound with general formula
Cm(H2O)n, that is, consisting only of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
Starch is a polymer or long string of glucose molecules, just
as a protein is a long string of amino acids.
Sugar: informal term for class of edible crystalline substances,
mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose.
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Cellulose
chain of glucose
Paper, cotton, wood, leaves, stems
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
STARCH

Starch or amylum is a polysaccharide
carbohydrate consisting of a large number of
glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds
Straight & Branched
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
starch and cellulose connected glucose molecules



You can eat starch, but you can't digest cellulose.
Your body contains enzymes that will break
starch down into glucose to fuel your body.
Termites have bacteria that can break down
cellulose
Cellulose β-glucose, with the -OH pointed out
Starch α-glucose, with the -OH pointed down
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
FAT (LIPID)


Not generally considered a polymer
All fats consist of fatty acids (chains of carbon and
hydrogen atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end)
bonded to a backbone structure, often glycerol (a
"backbone" of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen).
Triglycerides make up most of fats digested
by humans
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
DNA
DNA consists of two long polymers of
simple units called nucleotides, with
backbones made of sugars and
phosphate groups joined by ester
bonds
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Functional groups
Amine NH2
Carboxylic acid HCO2
[same C]
R varies and determines
which amino acid
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GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Amino Acids
building blocks of proteins, which are
Proteins linear chains of amino acids
defined by this primary structure (its
unique sequence of amino acid)
three-dimensional structure of the
protein often the critical component
in its function.
21 amino acids  huge variety of
proteins
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Proteins are assembled from amino
acids using information encoded in
genes. Each protein has its own
unique amino acid sequence that is
specified by the nucleotide sequence
of the gene encoding this protein.
The genetic code is a set of threenucleotide sets called codons and
each three-nucleotide combination
designates an amino acid, for
example AUG (adenine-uracilguanine) is the code for methionine.
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010
Plastic [http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/pvc.htm]

Polyethylene is the most popular plastic
•  grocery bags, shampoo bottles, toys
PVC
Polystyrene Monomer
Polypropylene
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010


In this case the polymerization reaction is
known as a dehydration or condensation
reaction (due to the formation of water
(H2O) as one of the products) where a
hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl (-OH)
group are lost to form H2O and an oxygen
molecule bonds between each monomer
unit.
Isoprene is a natural monomer and
polymerizes to form natural rubber, most
often cis-1,4-polyisoprene, but also trans1,4-polyisoprene
May 3, 2017
GSCI 163 Spring 2010