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Chapter 11 Basic Anatomy and Physiology Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Anatomy and Physiology Study of: Anatomy of the body Physiology of the body Structure: how it’s made Function: how it works Need to understand normal structure and function before you can understand disease process Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Body Planes Imaginary flat surfaces that divide body into specific sections Frontal plane (coronal) Sagittal plane (lateral) Vertical cut: dividing body into front and back parts Vertical cut: dividing body into right and left sides Transverse plane (cross-sectional) Horizontal cut: dividing body into upper and lower portions Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Anatomical Positions Anatomical position Prone Erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms and toes pointing forward Lying on belly, face down Supine Lying on back, face up Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Directional Terms Help to clarify location and position of organs in body Anterior Front of body Posterior Back of body Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Body Cavities Hollow spaces in body that contain internal organs (viscera) Lined with membranes (thin sheets of epithelium) Two main cavities Ventral (front) Dorsal (back) Main cavities then divided into smaller cavities Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Thoracic Cavity Located in ventral cavity Protects heart and lungs Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Thoracic Cavity (cont.) Divisions of thoracic cavity Pleural cavity • Contains double lining • Visceral pleura covers organs • Parietal pleura lines the cavity Mediastinum • Contains heart • Parietal pericardial membrane lines cavity • Visceral pericardial membrane covers heart Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Abdominopelvic Cavity Separated from thoracic cavity by the diaphragm Abdominal cavity Contains organs that maintain homeostasis Lined with parietal peritoneal membrane (doublefolded membrane) Visceral peritoneal membrane covers organs (mesentery) Pelvic cavity Contains reproductive organs Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Identify specific locations for clinical purposes Use vertical and horizontal imaginary lines Four clinical divisions RUQ (right upper quadrant) LUQ (left upper quadrant) RLQ (right lower quadrant) LLQ (left lower quadrant) Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Four Quadrants Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Nine Regions of Abdominopelvic Cavity Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Dorsal Cavity Divisions Cranial cavity contains: Brain Meninges (membranes) covering brain Skull bones Spinal cavity contains: Meninges (membranes) covering spinal cord Spinal cavity is formed by the vertebral bones Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Divisions of the Spinal Column Cervical Chest Sacral Neck Thoracic Hip region Coccygeal Hip region Lumbar Lower back Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Divisions of the Spinal Column Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Organizational Levels of the Body Atoms: smallest particles of all living things Cells: fundamental unit of all things Tissues: made from groups of cells Organs: made from various tissues Systems: composed of organs Organization: the individual, the “whole” person Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Cell Structure Cell membrane (wall) Cytoplasm Main fluid substance of cell Nucleus Encloses content of cell Control center; houses genetic material (DNA, RNA) Organelles “Little organs” that perform specialized functions: growth & reproduction, nourishment and waste disposal Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Transport Systems of the Cell Passive Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Active Phagocytosis Pinocyctosis Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Diffusion (Passive Transport) Creates own energy for movement Random movement of particles Higher concentration to area of lower concentration Movement is constant until equalized Example: opened bottle of perfume Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Osmosis (Passive Transport) Pulling of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane Creates own energy for movement Higher concentration to area of lower concentration until equal Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Osmosis (Passive Transport) (cont.) Types of solutions in relation to red blood cell Hypertonic water leaves cell cell crenates (shrinks) Hypotonic water enters cell cell hemolyzes (bursts) Isotonic water enter cell nothing happens (same) Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Filtration (Passive Transport) Particles are pushed through membrane by mechanical pressure Creates own energy for movement Only particles that fit openings in membrane pass through Example: blood plasma can seep out of capillary wall and into tissue Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Active Transport Area of low concentration to area of high concentration Requires cellular energy (ATP) Types of active transport: Phagocytosis “cell eating” • Moving cell engulfs and eats a solid particle (bacteria) Pinocytosis “cell drinking” • Stationary cell engulfs and digests droplets of a fluid Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Mitosis (Cell Division) Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Meiosis (Cell Division) Division of sex cells (gametes) Sperm zygote (new cell) formed by joining of: 23 chromosomes from sperm (XY) 23 chromosomes from ovum (XX) New cell has: 46 single chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Genetic Information Makes us who we are Types of genes Dominant Recessive Genetic disorders occur because of: Chromosomal abnormality Defective genes Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Causes of Gene Mutation Viruses Chemical toxins Drugs The environment Radiation Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Inherited Disorders versus Congenital Disorders Inherited (familial) Congenital Passed down from family members Examples: hemophilia, Tay-Sachs disease Born with condition; not acquired from family Examples: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome Genetic counseling Provides information on hereditary diseases and chances of getting them Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Body Tissue Types Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Produces movement by contracting and relaxing Connective tissue Cover surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands Support and forms framework of body Nervous tissue Conducts nerve impulses Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Epithelial Tissue Characteristics Covers body surfaces (skin) and lines body cavities No blood supply of its own Repairs quickly, being replaced when wornout Closely packed cells with little intercellular substance Specialized cells that secrete from glands Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Epithelial Tissue Glands Exocrine Have ducts that open onto body surface Examples: sweat, tears, and saliva Endocrine Ductless Discharge hormones into tissue fluid to be absorbed by capillaries Example: insulin Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Muscle Tissue Characteristics Allow movement by contracting (shortening) Cells are elongated, narrow, threadlike Referred to as muscle fibers Fibers arranged in bundles and surrounded by connective tissue Description of fibers includes: Striated, nonstriated, voluntary, involuntary Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles Attached to bones by connective tissue Form wall of hollow organs, control diameter of blood vessels Cardiac Make up heart wall, responsible for pumping blood through the heart Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Connective Tissue Characteristics Most abundant tissue type in body Provides support and protection to body Types of connective tissue include: Fibrous Bone Cartilage Blood Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Fibrous Connective Tissue Areolar (loose) tissue Adipose tissue Fat cells to help conserve heat; provide padding Reticular tissue Stretchable; found between tissues and organs Forms a network for helping in body defenses Dense tissue Anchors muscle to bone (tendons) or bone to bone (ligaments) Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Cartilage Similar to bone tissue but more flexible Types of cartilage Hyaline cartilage • Supports rings of bronchi, covers ends of bone Fibrocartilage • Shock absorber between vertebrae; strongest, most durable Elastic cartilage • Most flexible, found in tip of nose, external ear Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Nerve Tissue Characteristics Most highly organized tissue in body Consists of: Neurons (nerve cells) • Carry impulses throughout body Glia cells • Provide nutrition and support to the neurons Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Characteristics of Organs Composed of two or more tissue types Perform specific functions Can occur in pairs (ovaries, eyes) Can continue functioning even if damaged Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Body Systems Organized grouping of structures that perform a similar function Body systems Made up of organs and tissues Muscular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic, and skeletal Organism: last structural level “Whole” person Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Conclusion An understanding of anatomy and physiology will help you communicate with other medical professionals With your new knowledge, you can encourage patients to follow their treatment plans You will be better able to assist the physician with your knowledge of the structure and function of the human body Copyright © 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40