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Monday – 4/3 Take out a sheet of notebook paper to complete this week’s warm-ups on. • List several examples of diseases that you think are caused by viruses. • How effective do you think antibiotics are at treating viral infections? • How do you think vaccines work? Demonstration • You will get a sample from me. DO NOT smell it, spill it, or taste it! • I will walk you through the process of mixing solutions with UP TO 3 DIFFERENT PEOPLE! You may also choose to not mix with anyone. • To mix solutions, pour a little bit of your solution into their cup, and have them pour a little of their solution into your cup. • Once you have finished, or when the timer goes off, return to your desk and have a seat. Demonstration • There was at least one person that was “infected” with the HIV before you began mixing. • I will check to see if the virus has been transmitted to you, by adding an indicator to each of your solutions. • If you have “contracted HIV,” your solution should turn pink. • If the virus was not transmitted to you, your solution will remain clear. Analysis 1. How is the number of classmates you choose to mix with related to the likelihood that you’ll contract HIV? 2. How would choosing not to mix with your classmates protect you from “contracting” the virus? 3. How many people do you think started out “infected” with the virus? 4. Would it be possible to determine who started out with the virus? If so, how could we do that? HIV – Transmission HIV – Progression Kills your HIV T-Cells Which weakens your Fight Infections Which decreases your ability to Immune System Which leads to AIDS Which is… The final stage of HIV Infographic Predications • Fill out the HIV Infographic predications on your chart. Tuesday – 4/4 Take out your sheet of notebook paper that you put yesterday’s warm-up on. What do you think ALL living things have in common? • Make a list of the characteristics, or traits, that you think all living things have in common. • You may work with your shoulder partner if you would like. Biotic or Abiotic • Biotic: living • Abiotic: nonliving 7 Characteristics of Life – Must have all 7 to be biotic! 1. Made of Cells 2. Grow and Develop 3. Obtain and Use Energy 4. Based on a Universal Genetic Code 5. Reproduce 6. Respond to their environment (homeostasis) 7. Change over time (evolution) So… Is a Virus Alive? • After watching the video, decide whether or not you think viruses are alive. • Discuss your answer with your shoulder partner. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpTmba9WV5o What is a virus? • Viruses are microscopic particles that invade cells and destroy them. • A virus is NOT a cell. • A virus is NOT living. • Made of genetic material in a protein coat (called a capsid) Influenza Virus H5N1 (avian influenza) Herpes Simplex What is a virus? (con't) • VIRUSES ARE NONLIVING • Although they have genetic information, they are not living because they: – have no cells – can’t use energy – can’t make proteins – can’t reproduce on their own (requires a host) • (Remember the 7 Characteristics of Life!) Structure of a Virus Three Main Parts: 1. Genetic Material (DNA/RNA) 2. Protein Coat (Capsid) 3. Glycoproteins (Tail Fibers) Structure of a Virus 1. Genetic Material A viruses genetic material could be: •double-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA Structure of a Virus 2. Protein Coat •Also called a capsid • Encloses the viral genome (DNA or RNA) • Come in various shapes. Structure of a Virus 3. Glycoproteins ● also known as tail fibers, allowing the virus to attach to the corresponding host cell. Viruses vs. Cells Bacteriophages Bacteriophages are viruses that only infect bacteria. Retrovirus ● A virus that once inside the host cell undergoes reverse transcription, changing its RNA into DNA, thus retro (backwards). Retrovirus Example Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Influenza Influenza (Flu) is caused by the virus attaching to epithelial cells primarily in the nose, throat and lungs often transmitted as an airborne virus through coughing and sneezing. Exit Ticket: Cells Vs. Viruses Venn Diagram Using your knowledge of viruses and cells to write in the letter from the phrase bank to the correct section of the venn diagram. Wednesday – 4/5 Answer the warm-up under your warm-up from yesterday on your notebook paper. 1. Which of the following are considered living? • Prokaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic Cells • Viruses 2. List at least 2 reasons that viruses are not considered living (biotic). Use the 7 characteristics of living things to help you with this. Creature Activity • Try to determine whether or not the creature that you have been given in a virus or a cell. • If you think your creature is a cell, try to decide whether or not is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. Creature Activity • Somewhere on your paper, write down if your think your creature if your creature is a virus or a cell and explain your reasoning. 1 2 3 Lytic Cylce • Viruses are not capable of replicating on their own. • The lytic cycle is one of the ways that viruses replicate inside of host cells. Viral Transmission As you watch the video, try to pay attention to how virus replicate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ As you watch the video, make a list of how you think virus replicate Viral Infections What happens after a virus infects a cell? • Viruses use their genetic information to reproduce inside living cells. 2 types of viral replication 1. Lytic 2. Lysogenic Lytic infection 1. is when virus replicate immediately 2. a virus enters a bacterial cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst or lyse. Lysogenic infection Lytic infection Lytic Infections: Short Cycle The virus injects DNA into a bacterium. Viral genes are transcribed by the host cell. Viral enzymes lyse the bacterium’s cell wall. The new viruses escape. The proteins and nucleic acids assemble into new viruses. The bacterium makes new viral proteins and nucleic acid. In summary of the Lytic Cycle • Attachment • Injection (entry) of viral genetic material • DNA and RNA • Manufacture (replication) of viral parts • Assembly of virus • Cell lysis (release) Viral Infections What happens after a virus infects a cell? • Viruses use their genetic information to reproduce inside living cells. Lysogenic infection • occurs when a host cell is not immediately taken over • Includes prophage- when virus DNA is embedded in Host DNA Lysogenic infection Lytic infection Lysogenic Infections: Long Cycle The prophage may replicate with the bacterium for many generations. The viral DNA inserts itself into the bacterial chromosome. Prophage The virus injects DNA into the bacterium. Viral enzymes lyse the bacterium’s cell wall. The new viruses escape. The proteins and nucleic acids assemble into new viruses. The prophage can exit the bacterial chromosome and enter a lytic cycle. The bacterium makes new viral proteins and nucleic acid. Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle •Copies the virus particles •Copies the genetic material ONLY •Happens more quickly •Happens more slowly •Ends with the cell bursting open, which destroys the cell •Ends by switching into the lytic cycle Period of Dormancy/Latency • Some viruses remain dormant, meaning having normal physical functions suspended or slowed down for a period of time; for many years in their host. Viral Transmission Amoeba Sisters – Viruses • Discuss the following questions with your shoulder partner. • Be prepared to share your answers. 1. Can a virus attach to any cell in your body? Why or why not? 2. What is important about the structure of a virus that allows it to attach to a host cell? 3. How are viruses similar to enzymes? Immune Response ● Antigens are large molecules, usually proteins, on the surface of a virus that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it. ● Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen ● Each antibody is specifically produced by the immune system to match an antigen after cells in the immune system come into contact with it Write this down in your notes. What is a vaccine? Vaccine- is a weakened form for the virus • a vaccine is given to help prevent a virus or infectious disease • Virus vaccine stimulates the body's immune system to make antibodies to recognize the real virus and destroy it Do antibiotics treat viral infections? NO!!! Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections they do NOT treat viral infections Lytic vs. Lysogenic Processing Activity • Clear everything off your desk. • Complete the half-sheet to the best of your ability without using your notes. • Once you finish, copy the answers onto your answer slip. • Raise your hand once you have finished completing BOTH sheets of paper. Lysogenic Processing Activity Lysogenic Processing Activity Lytic Processing Activity Lytic Processing Activity Virus Vocabulary Card Sort Directions: Match the virus vocabulary word cards to their defintion cards. The end result should be a perfect hexagon. When you are done, raise your hand and I will come check your work. Vaccines Don't Fear The Flu Shot! • • As you watch the video, think about at least 3 interesting facts that you didn’t know prior to watching the video. Be prepared to share out. Friday – 3/7 Answer the warm-up under your warm-up from yesterday on your notebook paper. 1. What are the 3 components of a virus? 2. What is the function of each component? Fact or Fib • You will receive a fact and a fib card. • For each of the following statements, decide whether the statement is a fact or a fib. • Hold onto both cards until I tell you to put your answer down onto your desk. Fact or Fib Antibiotics can be used to kill a virus. FIB Anitobiotics target bacterial infections. Vaccines are used to prevent viral infections. Fact or Fib At the end of the lytic cycle, the cell undergoes apoptosis (programmed cell death) causing the cell the explode, which releases the viruses. FACT Fact or Fib A virus is considered to be biotic (living). FIB Viruses are abiotic (non-living) because they: Cannon reproduce on their own Are not made of cells Can’t make proteins Can’t use energy (metabolize) Fact or Fib Viruses in the lytic cycle incorporate their genetic material into the host cell’s genetic material. FIB Only viruses in the lysogenic cycle do this. Fact or Fib A virus is composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a capsid (protein coat) and tail fibers. FACT Fact or Fib A single virus is capable of targeting multiple types of host cells. FIB Each type of virus is only capable of targeting a specific type of host cell. The proteins of the surface of the virus must match the proteins on the surface of the host cell. Extra Resources Virus Hunters – Nathan Wolfe • Answer the questions on the back of your handout as you watch this TED Talk. • Nathan Wolfe: Virus Hunters • How Flu Viruses Attack HIV Activists Magic Johnson Interview with Oprah 11-year-old HIV Activist