Download Grammar Review - Immaculate Conception Catholic School | Denton

Mid-Term Grammar Review (7th Grade)
(Chapter 1) Nouns
Nouns = Person, Place, Thing or Idea
Count Nouns (concrete/singular and plural forms): book, city, women, hats
Count nouns use few/fewer/fewest for comparison purposes
He has fewer cookies than she does.
Non-count Nouns (abstract/no plural forms): popcorn, valor, pride, love
Non-count nouns use little/less/least for comparison purposes (adjectives)
Charles had less bravery than the knight on the horse.
Know the irregular pluralization of nouns like goose/geese, ox/oxen, sheep/sheep, fungus/fungi,
loaf/loaves, brother-in-law/brothers-in-law, etc….
Write two irregular nouns/plural (not included above): ____________________________________
Nouns as Subjects (who or what the sentence is about): Jack is the leader of the team. The book was
made into a movie. Dallas is a big city. Fame is not all it’s cracked up to be.
Subject Complements: subject complements follow a linking verb and rename the subject (S=SC); they
can be nouns or adjectives. Jack was the guy who led the team to victory. The girls sound ready for
the game. Christmas is the best time of year. The cookies taste delicious. (Remember London Bridge
pneumonic/five senses).
When you’re looking for the subject complement, do not include modifiers (adjectives)—underline
only the actual complement that renames the subject.
Direct Objects: answer “whom or what” after the verb; I set the book down. She drank a whole cup of
eggnog. Do not include prepositional phrases with the direct objects (prior sentence does not include
“of eggnog” because it is a prepositional phrase).
INdirect Objects: answer “TO/FOR whom or TO/FOR what” after the verb; I gave Bill the book; I threw
my cat the toy.
Objects of a Preposition: always follow a preposition! Know your prepositions, and you’ll always be
able to find the object. The class [with the treats] went crazy [over the candy]. The field trip [to the
chocolate factory] was fun [for everyone].
Object Complement: always come right after the object and rename it (usually with verbs like
call/choose/elect/make/name); The teacher called Franklin the smartest turtle in the room. The
drama coach named Sharalyn best actress of the year. I elected seventh grade upper school
champions.
Write a sentence that contains one direct object (DO), one indirect object (IO), and one object of a
preposition (OP); label accordingly. If you can add an object complement (OC), give yourself a pat on
the back!
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Appositives: follow the noun and help identify it (The book, an old manual, was written in 1868.)
The teacher, a fantastic magician, enthralled his students.
Appositive Phrase: includes the appositive and its modifiers (in the sentences above: an old manual
and a fantastic magician)
Non-Restrictive: set off by commas; not necessary to meaning (can be removed)
The singer, a brunette, was slightly off pitch.
Sometimes the class, a group of twenty-eight students, could do no wrong.
Restrictive: necessary to determine proper meaning (cannot be removed):
The singer Justin Bieber is loved by many young girls.
Cindy’s friend Janet is a very giving person.
Write a sentence using an appositive phrase and indicate whether it is restrictive or non-restrictive:
____________________________________________________________________________________
Possessive Nouns (express ownership): boy’s, Jane’s, teachers’ (plural), teacher’s (singular); to form the
possessive of a compound noun you must add ’s to the end of the word: mother-in-law’s or editor-inchief’s.
Separate Possession: two or more nouns with independent ownership; each noun gets an ‘s
John’s and Will’s books will be published this fall. (separate ownership)
Joint Possession: one thing is owned by two or more people; only the last noun gets the ’s
John and Will’s publisher was a great guy. (joint ownership)
(Chapter 2) Adjectives
Adjectives modify nouns, pronouns, subjects, phrases and/or clauses by describing number, color,
size, type or other qualities
Subject Complement: adjectives that follow a linking verb and describe the subject
The rainbow was colorful because of the sun. The book was good.
Object Complement: follows the direct object and describes it
He called the picture beautiful. Jesus made the Church triumphant.
(!) Demonstrative Adjectives: point out definite person/place/thing/idea: this, that, these, those
(near/far, singular/plural). Remember that demonstrative adjectives are the same as demonstrative
pronouns which replace a noun instead of modifying it.)
He bought that book for Christmas. We ate these (adjective) chocolates, not those (pronoun).
(?) Interrogative Adjectives: who/whose/whom, which (usually a set or group), what (singular)
Whose sweater is still in the lost and found?
(#) Indefinite Adjectives: refer to any or all of a group; all, any, both, each, either, few, some, etc….
must match in number: either/neither/every/each/another are always singular
Some students are really good at studying for tests. Each is special in its own way.
Understand and be able to create examples of the following adjectives:
Positive (fat) shows a quality
Comparative (fatter) compares a quality between two items or two sets of items
Superlative (fattest) compares three or more items
Know when to use more or most (multiple syllables: more polite, most polite) and be able to form
irregular comparative adjectives (good/better/best, fun/more fun/most fun, little/less/least,
bad/worse/worst)
Few and Little (like more/most and less/least already mentioned)
Count Nouns take few/fewer/fewest: His paper had few mistakes.
Non-Count Nouns take little/less/least: Theirs demonstrated the least courage.
Adjective Phrases
An adjective phrase is simply a group of words that describe something; phrases DO NOT have a
predicate (verb) and a subject… that’s how we tell them apart from clauses.
Prepositional phrases are the most common adjective phrases.
Prepositional Phrases: include a preposition, object of the preposition and any modifiers (adjectives)
He went to Santa’s house. (prepositional phrase)
Girls with long hair usually wear braids. (prepositional phrase that modifies girls)
Clauses have a subject and a predicate/verb.
Denton, which is known for its warm weather, is actually covered in snow. NR
A Dependent Clause cannot stand on its own; it becomes an Adjective Clause when it describes or
modifies something:
(R) Restrictive Adjective Clause (necessary to determine proper meaning, usually begins with THAT)
The test that he aced was supposed to be really hard.
If we take out the italicized clause above, we change the meaning of the sentence.
Use the relative pronoun “that” in restrictive clauses.
(NR) Non-Restrictive Adjective Clause (not necessary to meaning, set off in commas, begin with
WHICH)
The mouse, which was never caught, is still loose somewhere in the attic.
We can take out the italicized clause above and not change the meaning of the sentence.
Practice: create a sentence using a restrictive adjective clause:
___________________________________________________________________________
Create a sentence using a non-restrictive adjective clause:
(Chapter 3) Pronouns: Pronouns Replace a Noun
Pronouns are classified as: subject, object, possessive, intensive/reflexive, interrogative,
demonstrative, relative and indefinite.
Antecedent (the word, phrase or clause to which the pronoun refers/occurs before pronoun);
antecedents must agree in gender/number/person with the noun they rename.
Person:
1st Person: person speaking (I, me, we, us)
2nd Person: person or thing spoken to (you)
3rd Person: person or thing spoken about (he/she/they, him/her/them, it)
Gender: masculine (he), feminine (she), neuter (it)
Number: singular (I), plural (they)
Subject Pronouns: (I, you, he, she, it, we, they); pronouns as the subject or subject complement
I am the leader of the band. Frank— he is the tall guy— is the lead singer.
Subject pronouns can always begin a sentence; object pronouns cannot.
Object Pronouns: (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) pronouns can be objects of a verb or a preposition
Jan hit me on top of the head. (direct object)
Jan kicked me the ball. (indirect object)
Jan ran with him to find the lost ball. (object of a preposition)
When the pronoun choice occurs in the middle/end of the sentence, remember to either take the
sentence apart or to finish the thought before deciding whether a pronoun should be a subject or an
object: I/me, him/he, her/she. Dad gave the money to them and me. The family and I went to the
mall.
Same rule applies with Than or As
Jan is faster than I (am fast). Paul is more lazy than he (is lazy).
Frank is as good as she (is). I enjoyed the movie more than (I enjoyed) him.
Possessive Pronouns: (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs) NO apostrophe!
Ours is the best class in the world.
That book is yours.
Whatever he takes is his.
Possessive Pronouns stand alone (The book is mine);
Possessive Adjectives modify a noun (His book is on the table)
Intensive Pronouns (end in –self or –selves) emphasize the noun or pronoun they follow: (she herself
fixed the car).
DO NOT use “hisself” or “theirselves” since they are illegal!!!!
Reflexive Pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) are
usually used as objects that rename the subject (I hurt myself); they can also be indirect objects (He
cooked himself a hot dog) and objects of a preposition (They took it upon themselves to leave).
Make sure that Pronouns agree with their Antecedents (what precedes them) in
number/gender/person!
Students are smart, so you must be careful with them. This concept also applies to subject/verb
agreement (beauty and talent ARE rare).
Demonstrative Pronouns specify a definite person, place, or thing (this, that, these, those) near/far,
singular/plural
Indefinite Pronouns are non-specific
All, any, more, most, none, some (these can be either plural or singular);
Another, anyone, anything, each, much, one (singular);
Both, few, many, several (plural);
Make sure your indefinite pronouns ALWAYS match the verb you’re using with them:
All are here; anything goes; each is special.
Indefinite Pronouns can be used as subjects or objects (direct, indirect, object of preposition, and
adjectives). Know these concepts!
Everybody wanted to get into the concert. (Subject)
He took all of the books back to the library. (DO)
They gave everyone a box of donuts. (IO)
Why didn’t Jan listen to anyone at the meeting? (Object of Preposition)
Few students can write a perfect paper. (Adjective)
Interrogative Pronouns ask questions (who/whose/whom, which, what)
Who: subject of a question (Who went with you?)
Whom: object of a verb or preposition (To whom did he give the gift?)
Whose: asks possession (Whose coat is this?)
Which: usually asks about a group (Which restaurant has the best pizza?)
What: usually asks about a thing (What did the waiter bring?)
Relative Pronouns join dependent clauses to their antecedents: who/whom/whose, which, that.
The animal that tried to escape is over there.
The player who broke the record is really fast.
Who/Whom in relative pronouns uses the same rule as the Interrogative Pronouns above:
Who as subject (The girl who went to the store has gotten lost.)
Whom as object (The man to whom the letter was sent has moved.)
Tricky choices (circle the correct relative pronoun, but beware of hiding prepositions!):
(Who/Whom) was talking before school?
(Who/Whom) was he talking to before school?
Know the Seven Traits of Writing and Rule of Three; be able to demonstrate knowledge of composition
skills (as practiced in class), including editing marks; know how to use a dictionary properly and how to
identify affixes (prefixes and suffixes); be able to use the following vocabulary words properly:
1. excerpt
2. skittish
3. banter
4. facetious
5. prone
6. frugal
7. veer
8. incognito
9. pseudonym
10. ostracize
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
bask
servile
anguish
apparition
jaunty
preclude
churlish
durable
wallow
flaunt