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AP PHYSICS 1 (SECONDARY) ESSENTIAL UNIT 10 (E10) (Electric Charge, Field/Current/Resistance) (Giancoli Chapter 16 and Chapter 18-1 to 18-4) (July 2015) Unit Statement: The introduction to electricity in this unit covers conductors and insulators, and Coulomb’s Law which relates the force between two electrical point charges as function of their distance apart. The ideas of electrical fields and the motion of electrical charges (currents) is also briefly discussed. By the end of the unit, students should be able to relate underlying electrostatic concepts to real world application. (Estimated class time three weeks) Essential Outcomes: (must be assessed for mastery) 1. The Student Will define electric current and circuit. 2. TSW apply the concepts that electric charge is conserved and the net charge of a system is equal to the sum of the charges of all the objects in the system (EK 1.B.1) 3. TSW construct an explanation of the two-charge model of electric charge based on evidence produced through scientific practices. (LO 1.B.2.1) 4. TSW will make claims that the smallest observed unit of charge that can be isolated is the electron charge, also known as the elementary charge. (EK 1.B.3) 5. TSW connect the concepts of gravitational force and electric force to compare similarities and differences between the forces. (LO 3.C.2.2) 6. TSW use Coulomb’s law qualitatively and quantitatively to make predictions about the interaction between two electric point charges (interactions between collections of electric point charges are not covered in Physics 1 and instead are restricted to Physics 2). (LO 3.C.2.1) 7. TSW recognize resistivity of a material depends on its molecular and atomic structure and temperature of the material. 8. TSW interpret a graph of the energy changes within an electrical circuit with only a single battery and resistors in series and/or in, at most, one parallel branch as an application of the conservation of energy (Kirchhoff’s loop rule) (LO 5.B.9.1) 9. TSW apply conservation of energy concepts that demonstrate the validity of Kirchhoff’s loop rule (∑∆V = 0) in a circuit with only a battery and resistors either in series or in, at most, one pair of parallel branches. (LO 5.B.9.1) 83 QSI AP PHYSICS 1 SEC E10 Copyright © 1988-2015 10. TSW apply conservation of energy (Kirchhoff’s loop rule) in calculations involving the total electric potential difference for complete circuit loops with only a single battery and resistors in series and/or in, at most, one parallel branch. (LO 5.B.9.1) 11. TSW describe Kirchhoff ’s junction rule as the conservation of electric charge in electrical circuits. 12. TSW use a description or schematic diagram of an electrical circuit to calculate unknown values of current in various segments or branches of the circuit. Guided or Essential Questions: 1. How can the charge model be used to explain electric phenomena? 2. How can the forces between two charges be characterized using Newton’s third law? 3. How can preexisting knowledge of forces and energy be applied to processes involving electrically charged objects? 4. What is lightning, and why is it so dangerous? 5. What are the fundamental carriers of electrical charge, and how may they be used to charge objects? 6. How is gravitational force similar to electrical force, and in what ways are these forces very different? 7. How are voltage, current, and resistance related in a series circuit? 8. How are voltage, current, and resistance related in a simple parallel circuit? 9. What makes charges move? 10. How do electric circuits demonstrate the conservation of electric charge? Key Concepts: Static Electricity (amber effect) Law of Conversation of Electric Charge Conductors Semiconductors Electrometers Quantized Point Charge Electrostatic force (Coulomb’s Force) Test charge Electric Field lines Gravitation Field Electric Flux Electric Cell Electrolyte Circuit Open Circuit Complete Circuit Ohm’s Law Resistors Kirchhoff’s Junction rule 84 QSI AP PHYSICS 1 SEC E10 Copyright © 1988-2015 Electric Charge Ions Polar Nonconductors (insulators) Electroscope Coulomb’s Law Permittivity of free space Electrostatics Electric Field Superposition Principle Electric Dipoles Gauss’s Law Battery Electrodes Terminal Electric Current Ampere Conventional Current Resistance Resistivity Some Common Equations for this Unit: F Coulomb’s law kq1q 2 r2 Electric field strength F kq q0 r 2 q EA 0 q E 0A 0 V E s q I t E Gauss’s law for a point charge Parallel plate capacitor Electric field strength, volts/meter Definition of electrical current V IR R Voltage Resistance L A Schedule of suggested laboratory experiments (guided inquiry format is suggested for labs shaded in gray) Lab # 47 48 49 Name of Laboratory Instructional Activity: Static Electricity Investigation Instructional Activity: Brightness Investigation Voltage and Current Description of Lab Students follow the directions of the two online activities to gain experience with electrostatic phenomena while building understanding of electric charges and their interactions in conductors and insulators. Students use sticky tape and a variety of objects to make qualitative observations of the interactions when objects are charged, discharged, and recharged. Web; see links below Students working with a partner use wires, light bulbs, and batteries in guided-inquiry tasks that introduce the concepts of electric circuits, series connections, and parallel connections. The tasks require students to make predictions about the brightness of light bulbs in a circuit when some of the bulbs are removed. To determine the relationship between the current through a resistor and the voltage across the resistor. Giancoli Associated Science Practices 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.2, 7.2 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.3, 6.1, 6.4, 7.2 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.3, 6.1, 6.4, 7.2 85 QSI AP PHYSICS 1 SEC E10 Copyright © 1988-2015 50 Resistance and Resistivity To investigate the effects of cross-sectional area and length on the flow of current through a roll of Play-Doh. Giancoli 51 Coulomb’s Law 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1,5.3, 6.1, 6.4, 7.2 To estimate the charge on two identical, equally charged spherical pith balls of known mass. 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, Giancoli 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.4, 7.2 52 Series and Parallel Circuits To investigate the behavior of resistors in series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits. The lab should include measurements of voltage and current. 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, Giancoli 5.3, 6.1, 6.4, 7.2 Suggested Materials: 1. Giancoli, D.C. Physics: Principles with Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pearson Education. 2. Appel, K, Ballen, C, Gastineau, J, Vernier, D. Physics with Vernier. Beaverton, OR; Vernier Software and Technology, 2010. 3. Puri, O; Zober, P. Physics. A laboratory manual; Boston, Mass. N.Y: Pearson Custom Pub., 2002. 8th edition Suggested Technology Resources: Labs, in class activities, quizzes, videos and demos: 1. Balloons and Static-PhET Simulations- Why does a balloon stick to your sweater? Rub a balloon on a sweater, then let go of the balloon and it flies over and sticks to the sweater. View the charges in the sweater, balloons, and the wall. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons 2. Battery and Voltage- PhET Simulation- Look inside a battery to see how it works. Select the battery voltage and little stick figures move charges from one end of the battery to the other. A voltmeter tells you the resulting battery voltagehttp://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/battery-voltage 3. Circuit Construction Kit- PhET Simulation- An electronics kit in your computer! Build circuits with resistors, light bulbs, batteries, and switches. Take measurements with the realistic ammeter and voltmeter. View the circuit as a schematic diagram, or switch to a life-like view. - http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc 4. Electric Field PhET Simulation - http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/efield 5. Travoltage- PhET Simulation- Make sparks fly with John Travoltage. Wiggle Johnnie's foot and he picks up charges from the carpet. Bring his hand close to the door knob and get rid of the excess charge. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/travoltage 6. Charges and Sticky Tape- Seat Activity. http://physicsed.buffalostate.edu/SeatExpts/EandM/charges/index.htm 7. Straws and Pens- Seat Activity- Using such everyday items as a straw, tape, plastic pen and various types of cloth, we'll explore static electricity and how items can be charged, discharged, and recharged. http://physicsed.buffalostate.edu/SeatExpts/EandM/straws/index.htm 86 QSI AP PHYSICS 1 SEC E10 Copyright © 1988-2015 8. Charge and Fields- PhET Simulation- Move point charges around on the playing field and then view the electric field, voltages, equipotential lines, and more. It's colorful, it's dynamic, it's free. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/charges-and-fields 9. Journey through Franklin’s Electrical Revolution. Interactive online activity. http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/shocking/index.html 10. Benjamin Franklin videos on electricity. http://www.history.com/topics/americanrevolution/benjamin-franklin/videos/ben-franklin-sparks-electricity#ben-franklin-sparkselectricity 11. This applet shows a simple circuit containing one resistor. In addition there is a voltmeter (parallel to the resistor) and an ammeter (in series with the resistor). http://www.walterfendt.de/ph14e/ohmslaw.htm 12. Online notes on Multi-loop Circuits and Kirchoff's Ruleshttp://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py106/Kirchoff.html 13. More online notes- http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_2/3.html 14. Applet for a simplified version of Millikan's oildrop experiment. http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~jgoett/millikan/millikan.html Note- All links to online resources were verified before publication. In cases where links are no longer RUBRIC FOUND ON FOLLOWING PAGE……………………………. 87 QSI AP PHYSICS 1 SEC E10 Copyright © 1988-2015 SUGGESTED RUBRIC AP PHYSICS 1 E10 Student Name: __________________________ Date: _______________________ To receive a ‘B’, the student must show ‘B’ level mastery on all essential outcomes (TSW’s). The teacher’s discretion on the student’s holistic performance on the unit, including such items as: the above ‘A’ level rubric, the unit project, group work and class discussions will determine ‘A’ level mastery. If grading for AP test preparation, please refer to Course Outcome Rubric. The Student Will 1. TSW define electric current and circuit. 2. TSW apply the concepts that electric charge is conserved and the net charge of a system is equal to the sum of the charges of all the objects in the system (EK 1.B.1) 3. TSW construct an explanation of the two-charge model of electric charge based on evidence produced through scientific practices. (LO 1.B.2.1) 4. TSW will make claims that the smallest observed unit of charge that can be isolated is the electron charge, also known as the elementary charge. (EK 1.B.3) 5. TSW connect the concepts of gravitational force and electric force to compare similarities and differences between the forces. (LO 3.C.2.2) 6. TSW use Coulomb’s law qualitatively and quantitatively to make predictions about the interaction between two electric point charges (interactions between collections of electric point charges are not covered in Physics 1 and instead are restricted to Physics 2). (LO 3.C.2.1) 7. TSW recognize resistivity of a material depends on its molecular and atomic structure and temperature of the material. ‘A’* LEVEL Makes predictions, using the conservation of electric charge, about the sign and relative quantity of net charge of objects or systems after various charging processes, including conservation of charge in simple circuits. (LO 1.B.1.2) Approach chosen is clearly shown, clearly written & all elements are valid. Valid approach with minor errors that don’t disrupt understanding. Challenges the claim that an electric charge smaller than the elementary charge has been isolated. (LO 1.B.3.1) Approach chosen is clearly shown, clearly written & all elements are valid. Makes the claim that an electric charge smaller than the elementary charge has been isolated. (LO 1.B.3.1) Appropriate concepts and equations are used and fully understood. Appropriate concepts and equations are used and are mostly understood but employed with errors. Justifies the selection of data needed to determine resistivity for a given material. Chooses the selection of data needed to determine resistivity for a given material. 88 QSI AP PHYSICS 1 SEC E10 Copyright © 1988-2015 ‘B’ LEVEL Defines electric current and circuits as: a. An electrical current is a movement of charge through a conductor. b. A circuit is a closed loop of electrical current. Makes claims about natural phenomena based on conservation of electric charge. (LO 1.B.1.1) Valid approach with minor errors that don’t disrupt understanding. Comments 8. TSW interpret a graph of the energy changes within an electrical circuit with only a single battery and resistors in series and/or in, at most, one parallel branch as an application of the conservation of energy (Kirchhoff’s loop rule) (LO 5.B.9.1) 9. TSW apply conservation of energy concepts that demonstrate the validity of Kirchhoff’s loop rule (∑∆V = 0) in a circuit with only a battery and resistors either in series or in, at most, one pair of parallel branches. (LO 5.B.9.1) 10. TSW apply conservation of energy (Kirchhoff’s loop rule) in calculations involving the total electric potential difference for complete circuit loops with only a single battery and resistors in series and/or in, at most, one parallel branch. (LO 5.B.9.1) 11. TSW describe Kirchhoff ’s junction rule as the conservation of electric charge in electrical circuits. Constructs a graph of the energy changes within an electrical circuit with only a single battery and resistors in series and/or in, at most, one parallel branch as an application of the conservation of energy (Kirchhoff’s loop rule). Approach chosen is clearly shown, clearly written & all elements are valid. Uses conservation of energy concepts to design an experiment that will demonstrate the validity of Kirchhoff’s loop rule (∑∆V = 0) in a circuit with only a battery and resistors either in series or in, at most, one pair of parallel branches. Appropriate concepts and equations are used and fully understood. Approach chosen is clearly shown, clearly written & all elements are valid. Designs an investigation of an electrical circuit with one or more resistors in which evidence of conservation of electric charge can be collected and analyzed. Applies conservation of electric charge (Kirchhoff’s junction rule) to the comparison of electric current in various segments of an electrical circuit with a single battery and resistors in series and in, at most, one parallel branch and predict how those values would change if configurations of the circuit are changed. Appropriate concepts and equations are used and fully understood. 12. TSW use a description or schematic diagram of an electrical circuit to calculate unknown values of current in various segments or branches of the circuit. 89 QSI AP PHYSICS 1 SEC E10 Copyright © 1988-2015 Appropriate concepts and equations are used and are mostly understood but employed with errors.