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Mount Aspiring College Course Outline for Students Year 13 Chemistry; NCEA Level 3 Welcome to Chemistry, 2011 This course includes… Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Processes (7 weeks): Using oxidation-reduction reactions to compare amounts of substances, leading to analysis by titration of the composition of an oxidant or reductant (AS3.2), electrochemical cells and associated calculations and equation writing. Organic Substances (7 weeks): The properties, names, structures and reactions of alkenes, alkynes, haloalkanes, amines, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, acyl chlorides, amides. Tests to distinguish between different organic compounds. Properties of Particles, Bonding and Thermochemistry (7 weeks): Properties of particles (electron configurations and trends in atomic properties), molecular and ionic substances (bonding, shapes and polarity). Heat transfer and energy changes for processes, including calculations of enthalpy changes. Aqueous Systems (7 weeks): The use of equilibrium principles to describe the composition of aqueous solutions, including acids and bases and the dissolving of sparingly soluble substances. There is an optional extended practical chemical investigation (AS3.1). Students who are interested in completing this may propose a topic for consideration. You are expected to retain understanding of the concepts encountered in Level 2 chemistry. Assessment and reassessment The Achievement Standards for Chemistry are on the following page. Because the internal standards are larger in scope than Level 1 Science or Level 2 Chemistry, there may not be opportunities for any second attempts. There will be practices for the external standards during the year. Rules and Regulations There are some very specific rules about assessments. Please refer to your NCEA handout, particularly about the ownership of work and plagiarism. Stationary and Equipment You must purchase a Student Theory Workbook ($25). You will be invoiced by the bursar upon receipt of the workbook. It is recommended that you use A4 refill and a folder for your notes. If you prefer, you may use 1B5 books or similar. As well as these you will need a scientific calculator, ruler and pencil. Homework and work habits You are expected to keep your work folder well organised and up-to-date. You will be required to complete some homework most nights. When little or no formal homework is set you should be revising work already covered. Revision of work should be regular and ongoing. Tutorials If you need extra help with a topic, homework assignment or lab, please talk to me as soon as possible. I am available for a tutorial any time as long as you schedule it in advance. Don’t put it off. One on one tutorials clear up small misunderstandings fast. Laboratory work Normal laboratory safety guidelines apply. Some chemicals are very corrosive, so closed shoes should be worn. Achievement Standards – Level 3 Chemistry 1 2 These achievement standards are derived from Chemistry in the New Zealand Curriculum, Learning Media, Ministry of Education, 1994, p. 28, achievement objectives 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3. Terms Describe involves identifying, naming, drawing, giving characteristics of, giving an account of, defining, and/or carrying out simple calculations. Explain and apply involves describing as well as giving reasons for, making links between chemical concepts and/or observations, or carrying out calculations. Discuss involves showing understanding by analysing, interpreting, justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, and/or calculating. Explanatory Notes 1 This achievement standard is derived from Chemistry in the New Zealand Curriculum, Learning Media, Ministry of Education, 1994, all achievement objectives from pp. 28 and 35. It also meets the requirement of p. 14 that, ‘by the time they have completed Level 8, students will have carried out at least one extended practical investigation’. 2 The extended practical investigation is to be done individually. Instructions for an appropriate analytical technique that can be used in a school laboratory, or equivalent, may be provided. 3 The investigation should be based on an analytical technique such as titration, precipitation, or colorimetry, with the degree of complexity being at curriculum Level 8 or equivalent. Pre-calibrated measuring equipment such as water test kits, and dissolved oxygen meters should not be used. 4 A logbook containing details of development of the procedure, raw data, and calculations must be kept throughout the investigation. 5 An extended practical chemistry investigation will involve: developing and carrying out a procedure to collect data about a possible trend in the amount of a substance collecting and recording a sufficient quantity of data to enable a conclusion to be reached processing of the data to reach a conclusion presenting a report that contains: a statement of the purpose of the investigation a description of the procedure that includes preparation of samples and solutions used, control of significant variables, and the analytical technique used summary of the collected and processed data a conclusion based on the processed data. 6 A quality extended practical chemistry investigation will involve: Chemistry 3.1 (90694) Carry out an extended practical chemistry investigation involving quantitative analysis. (4I) This achievement standard involves carrying out an extended practical chemistry investigation individually. It will involve the development of a procedure to collect data in relation to a possible trend in the amount of a substance, collecting and processing data, interpreting the results to reach a conclusion, and presenting a report. Achievement Criteria Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Carry out an extended practical chemistry investigation involving quantitative analysis. Carry out a quality extended practical chemistry investigation involving quantitative analysis. Carry out a high quality extended practical chemistry investigation involving quantitative analysis. 7 developing and carrying out a procedure to collect quality data about a possible trend in the amount of a substance collecting and recording a sufficient quantity of data to enable a valid conclusion to be reached accurate processing of the data as appropriate to the procedure used, to reach a valid conclusion presenting a report that contains: a statement of the purpose of the investigation and relevant background information a description of the final procedure in sufficient detail for the investigation to be duplicated an example, using experimental data obtained, of the mathematical steps used to process the data a summary of the collected and processed data a valid conclusion based on the processed data relevant to the purpose of the investigation a discussion that evaluates the procedure used or the reliability of the data. A high quality extended practical chemistry investigation is a quality extended practical investigation that also involves: checks to determine the reliability of the procedure accurate processing of data using appropriate significant figures in the report: a description of the final procedure that shows an understanding of the technique used, and reasons for any modifications to the procedure a comprehensive evaluation of the whole investigation that considers: ○ the significance of the results in relation to the background information and the validity of the conclusion ○ the reliability of the data by evaluating the procedure used and sources of error. Chemistry 3.2 (90695) Determine the composition of an oxidant or reductant by titration (2I) This achievement standard involves individually carrying out a titration involving an oxidation-reduction reaction, and calculating the concentration of the oxidant or reductant in the solution. Achievement Criteria Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Carry out an oxidation-reduction titration with limited precision. Carry out an oxidation-reduction titration with reasonable precision. Carry out an oxidationreduction titration with high precision. Calculate the concentration of the oxidant or reductant using titration data. Determine the composition of the sample being analysed. Accurately calculate the composition of the sample being analysed. Explanatory Notes 1 The titration procedure and balanced equation will be provided. 2 In the calculation of the concentration of the oxidant or reductant or composition of the sample, the titration data used may be that collected by the student or that provided by the assessor. 3 Determination of the composition of the sample will involve one mathematical conversion between the concentration of the solution analysed and the composition of the sample, eg: concentration of the sample before dilution concentration in grams per litre (g L–1) or % (w/v). % composition (or purity) of a solid. 4 This note provides more detailed guidance on the evidence expected for each phase of the assessment. For achievement Limited precision requires: at least two recorded titre values must fall within a range of 0.6 mL; the average titre value must be within 0.6 mL of the expected outcome. Calculate the concentration requires: using only titre values within a range of 0.6 mL to calculate the average volume the calculation of the concentration of the unknown solution must be carried out using an appropriate procedure (not provided). A minor numerical error is allowed. For achievement with merit Reasonable precision requires: at least three recorded titre values must fall within a range of 0.4 mL; the average titre value must be within 0.4 mL of the expected outcome. Determine the composition of the sample requires: using only titre values within a range of 0.4 mL to calculate the average volume the composition of the sample being determined using a correct procedure. For achievement with excellence High precision requires: at least three recorded titre values must fall within a range of 0.2 mL; the average titre value must be within 0.2 mL of the expected outcome. Accurately calculate the composition of the sample requires: using only titre values within a range of 0.2 mL to calculate the average volume correctly determining the composition of the sample, using correct units and appropriate number of significant figures evidence of being able to carry out calculations involving reactions where the reactants are not in a 1:1 mole ratio. Chemistry 3.3 (90696) Describe oxidation-reduction processes (3E) This achievement standard involves describing oxidation-reduction processes. Achievement Criteria Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Describe oxidationreduction processes. Explain and apply oxidation-reduction processes. Discuss oxidationreduction processes. Explanatory Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. Processes involve reactions and calculations, which may include electrochemical cells and their properties, the use of reduction potentials, and spontaneity of oxidation-reduction reactions. Calculations may include determination of oxidation numbers, mole ratios and those related to electrochemical cells. Knowledge of appearance and state of the following reactants and the product to which they are converted in an oxidation-reduction reaction is required. Oxidants will be limited to: O2, Cl2, I2, Fe3+, dilute acid (with metals), H2O2, MnO4– (reacting in acidic, basic or neutral conditions), Cu2+, Cr2O72–/H+, OCl–, concentrated HNO3, IO3–, MnO2. Reductants will be limited to: metals, C, CO, H2, Fe2+, Br–, I–, H2S, SO2, SO32–, S2O32–, H2O2, H2C2O4. Appropriate information relating to other oxidants or reductants will be provided. Standard reduction potentials will be included where required. Chemistry 3.4 (90697) Describe properties of particles and thermochemical principles. (5E) This achievement standard involves describing properties of atoms, molecules, and ions, and thermochemical principles. Achievement Criteria Chemistry 3.5 (90698) Describe aspects of organic chemistry. (5E) Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence This achievement standard involves describing the structure, physical properties, and reactions of organic compounds. Describe properties of particles and thermochemical principles. Explain and apply properties of particles and thermochemical principles. Discuss properties of particles and thermochemical principles. Achievement Criteria Explanatory Notes Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Describe aspects of organic chemistry. Explain and apply aspects of organic chemistry. Discuss aspects of organic chemistry. 1 Particles are atoms, ions, and molecules. 2 Properties of particles include: electron configuration of atoms and ions of the first 36 elements (using s,p,d notation) special characteristics of transition metals (variable oxidation state, colour) related to electron configuration. Transition metals will be limited to iron, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper and zinc periodic trends in atomic radius, ionisation energy, and electronegativity, and comparison of atomic and ionic radii Lewis structures and shapes (up to six electron pairs about the central atom for molecules and polyatomic ions, including those with multiple bonds) polarity of molecules attractive forces between atoms, ions, and molecules. These will include ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and intermolecular attractions due to temporary dipoles and permanent dipoles (including hydrogen bonding). Explanatory Notes 3 1 Aspects of organic chemistry includes: structures of organic compounds including constitutional isomers and enantiomers naming of organic compounds using IUPAC conventions physical properties of organic compounds reactions of organic compounds. 2 Organic compounds are limited to those containing one or more of the following functional groups: alkene, haloalkane, amine, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ester, carboxylic acid, acyl chloride, amide. 3 Structures and names of organic compounds are limited to those compounds containing no more than eight carbons. Thermochemical principles include: transfer of heat between the system and the surroundings calculations involving the use of specific heat capacity 4 Physical properties of organic compounds are limited to solubility, melting point, boiling point, rotation of plane-polarised light. 5 Reactions of organic compounds include acid-base, oxidation, elimination and substitution reactions. Substitution reactions include esterification, hydrolysis, and polymerisation. acid-base is limited to reactions of carboxylic acids, amines, and carboxylate and alkylammonium salts cH, fH, rH, vapH, subH, and fusH Hess’s Law including application of rH(= fH((products) – fH((reactants) bond enthalpies. oxidation is limited to reactions using the following reagents: MnO 4– /H+, Cr2O72–/H+, Tollens’, Fehling’s and Benedict’s elimination is limited to reactions using the following reagents: KOH in alcohol and concentrated H2SO4 substitution is limited to reactions using the following reagents: concentrated HCl, HBr, SOCl2, PCl3, PCl5, NaOH, KOH (in alcohol or aqueous solution), NH3, primary amines, primary alcohols/H +, primary alcohols, H2O/H+, H2O/OH– polymerisation is limited to formation of polyesters and polyamides including proteins. Chemistry 3.7 (90700) Describe aqueous systems using equilibrium principles (5E) This achievement standard involves describing properties of aqueous systems using equilibrium principles. Achievement Criteria Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Describe properties of aqueous systems. Explain and apply properties of aqueous systems. Discuss properties of aqueous systems. Explanatory Notes 1 Aqueous systems are limited to those in which proton transfer occurs and those involving a sparingly soluble ionic solid. 2 Properties of aqueous systems are related to the nature and the concentration of the species present in the solution. Description, explanation and application, or discussion of these properties may be qualitative and/or quantitative. 3 Qualitative evidence may include correlation between acid or base strength, Ka and pH 4 relative equilibrium concentrations of dissolved species variability in solubility of a sparingly soluble salt due to the formation of a complex ion, the addition of a common ion, or the reaction of a basic anion with added acid features of titration curves including buffer region, equivalence point and selection of indicator (titrations of weak acids with weak bases are excluded) the nature of buffer solutions. Quantitative evidence includes calculations involving Ka, Kw and pH limited to solutions of bases, monoprotic acids and buffers those in which the extent of reaction is small so that the equilibrium concentration of a dissolved weak acid can be approximated by the initial concentration, ie [HA] = c(HA) pH at a particular point in a titration; Ks and solubility limited to AB, A2B and AB2 type solids where neither of the ions A or B react further with water calculating the concentration of one ion given the other calculating the solubility in water and in solutions already containing one of the ions A or B (a common ion) predicting precipitation or dissolution. Achievement Standards to be studied in 2009 Approx. time (weeks) Standard number 2 3.2 AS90695 5 3.3 Description Credits Internal/ (20) or (24) External Determine the composition of an oxidant or reductant by titration 2 I Describe oxidation-reduction processes. 3 E Describe properties of particles and thermochemical principles. 5 E Describe aspects of organic chemistry. 5 E Describe aqueous systems using equilibrium principles. 5 E 4 I AS90696 7 3.4 AS90697 7 3.5 AS90698 7 3.7 AS90700 Note:This Achievement Standard is optional. 4 3.1 AS90694 Carry out an extended practical chemistry investigation involving quantitative analysis. Record of Achievement LEVEL 3 SCIENCE Name:_______________________ Standard Title of the assessment number Assessment type Total Credits = Credits gained or test mark