Download The Allied Victory

The Allied Victory
Chapter 32, Section 4
Introduction
• On December 22, 1941, just after Pearl Harbor,
Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt met
at the White House to develop a joint war policy.
Stalin had asked his allies to relieve German
pressure on his armies in the east. He wanted
them to open a second front in the west. This
would split the Germans’ strength by forcing
them to fight major battles in two regions instead
of one. Churchill agreed with Stalin’s strategy.
The Allies would weaken Germany on two fronts
before dealing a deathblow. At first, Roosevelt
was torn, but ultimately he agreed.
The Tide Turns on Two Fronts
• Churchill wanted Britain and the United States to
strike first at North Africa and southern Europe.
The strategy angered Stalin. He wanted the
Allies to open the second front in France. The
Soviet Union, therefore, had to hold out on its
own against the Germans. All Britain and the
United States could offer in the way of help was
supplies. Nevertheless, late in 1942, the Allies
began to turn the tide of war both in the
Mediterranean and on the Eastern Front.
The North African Campaign
• Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushes
toward Egypt
• British General Montgomery attacks at El
Alamein, forces Rommel back
• American forces land in Morocco, November
1942
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower—American
commander in Morocco
• In May 1943, Rommel’s forces defeated by
Allies
Erwin Rommel
“The Desert Fox”
• German General who led the
North African campaign.
•Invasion of Poland
•Fall of France
•
Battle of Arras (1940)
•North African Campaign
WWII Battles
commanded
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Siege of Tobruk (1941)
Operation Crusader (1941)
Battle of Gazala (1942)
Battle of Bir Hakeim(1942)
First Battle of El Alamein (1942)
Battle of Alam Halfa (1942)
Second Battle of El Alamein (1942)
Battle of Medenine (1943)
Battle of the Kasserine Pass (1943)
•Battle of Normandy (1944)
Rank
General Feldmarschall
Commands held
•7th Panzer Division (The Ghost Division)
•Afrika Korps
•Panzer Army Africa
•Army Group Africa
•Army Group B
• Assisted in the overthrow of
Hitler, although not part of the
assignation attempt.
• Committed Suicide to prevent
persecution of staff & family
Bernard Montgomery
"Monty"
• British commander who launched
Battle of El Alamein, in which
Rommel’s army was defeated.
Rank
Field Marshal
Commands
held
Eighth Army 1942–1943
Allied 21st Army Group 1943–
1945
Chief of the Imperial General
Staff 1946–1948
Deputy Supreme Commander
Europe of NATO 1951–1958
Dwight Eisenhower
“Ike”
• American General
who led the D-Day
invasion
• General of the Army
• Supreme Commander Allied
(Expeditionary) Force
• 34th President of the US
• Mastermind of:
– Operation Torch
– The D-Day invasion
1. Battle of El Alamein
• Forced Rommel and his
forces to retreat westward
from Egypt.
23 October – 11 November 1942
2. Operation Torch
November 1942
• Landed American troops in North Africa; Finally
ended Rommel’s North African campaign.
July 17, 1942 and February 2, 1943
The Battle for Stalingrad
• German army moves to capture Soviet oil
fields
• Battle of Stalingrad—Soviets, Germans
battle for control of the city
• German troops capture city, then
surrender after a long battle.
3. Battle of Stalingrad
• Put German forces on the
defensive with the Soviets,
pushing them Westward.
At the time of the Soviet counter-offensive:
German
Allies
2,500,000 men in total
1,040,000 men:
1,143,000 men in Stalingrad area
(400,000 Germans,
13,451 artillery pieces
235,000 Italians,
894 - 4,000 tanks
200,000 Romanians,
1,115 aircraft
200,000 Hungarians,
5,000 Croatians)
10,250 artillery pieces
500 tanks
732 (402 operational) aircraft
est. 850,000 killed, missing or wounded
including 107,000 captured (only 6000 survived the
captivity and returned home to 1955)
900 aircraft (including 274 transports and 165 bombers
used as transports)
1,500 tanks
6,000 artillery pieces
Approx. 1,150,000 killed, missing or wounded
including 478,741 killed and missing
650,878 wounded and sick
40,000 civilians dead
4,341 tanks
15,728 artillery pieces
2,769 combat aircraft
3 September 1943
The Invasion of Italy
• U.S. and British forces land on and
capture Sicily in 1943.
• Mussolini loses power, but Germans keep
control of northern Italy
• Allies invade Italy, but Germans keep
fighting there until the war ends.
4. Invasion of Italy
• Resulted in Allied
conquest of Sicily and
forced eventual
surrender of Italy.
Strength
189,000 (by
September 16)
100,000
Casualties and losses
2,009 killed
3,500
7,050 wounded
casualties
3,501 missing
The Allied Home Fronts
• Wherever Allied forces fought,
people on the home fronts
rallied to support them. In wartorn countries like the Soviet
Union and Great Britain,
civilians endured extreme
hardships. Many lost their
lives. Except for a few of its
territories, such as Hawaii, the
United States did not suffer
invasion or bombing.
Nonetheless, Americans at
home made a crucial
contribution to the Allied war
effort. Americans produced the
weapons and equipment that
would help win the war.
5. Propaganda campaigns on
home front
• Rallied people on the home front to do their part
to support the war effort.
Mobilizing for War
• Fighting the war requires complete use of
all national resources
• 17 to 18 million U.S. workers—many of
them women—make weapons
• People at home face shortages of
consumer goods
• Propaganda aims to inspire civilians to aid
war effort
War Limits Civil Rights
• Japanese Americans face prejudice and
fear
• Army puts Japanese Americans in
internment camps in 1942
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkaQqzumMGE
http://vimeo.com/29012607
Victory in Europe
• While the Allies were dealing with issues
on the home front, they also were
preparing to push toward victory in
Europe. In 1943, the Allies began secretly
building an invasion force in Great Britain.
Their plan was to launch an attack on
German held France across the English
Channel.
The D-Day Invasion
• Allies plan invasion of France; use
deception to confuse Germans
• D-Day—June 6, 1944; day of “Operation
Overlord” invasion of France
• Allied forces capture Normandy beaches;
liberate Paris by September
6. D-Day invasion
• Opened a second front in Europe; led to the liberation of
France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and much of the Netherlands
from Nazi occupation. (June 6th 1944 –mid July 1944)
Strength
Allied
1,332,000 (by 6-24)
Casualties
~120,000
German
380,000 (by 6-23)
113,059
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=_cytrCXTHno
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_7XYa
NAxZ4
Operation Fortitude
http://www.history.com/topics/world-warii/d-day/videos/d-day-deception
The Battle of the Bulge
• U.S. and British forces advance on
Germany from west, Soviets from east
• Battle of the Bulge—German
counterattack in December 1944
• Germans gain early success but are
forced to retreat
7. Battle of the
Bulge
• German offensive 1st
successful, then Allies
forced Germans to retreat;
heavy losses for Germans.
Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
• By 1945, Allied armies approach Germany
from two sides
• Soviets surround Berlin in April 1945
• Hitler commits suicide
• President Roosevelt dies in April; Harry
Truman becomes president.
• On May 9, 1945, Germany officially
surrenders, marking V-E Day
Finding the Nazi Death Camps
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHcJtU9dr6I
Victory in the Pacific
• Although the war in Europe was over, the
Allies were still fighting the Japanese in
the Pacific. With the Allied victory at
Guadalcanal, however, the Japanese
advances in the Pacific had been stopped.
For the rest of the war, the Japanese
retreated before the counterattack of the
Allied powers.
8. Battle of
Leyte Gulf
• Wiped out the
Japanese Navy.
Strength
8 fleet carriers
8 light carriers
1 fleet carrier
18 escort carriers
3 light carriers
12 battleships
9 battleships
24 cruisers
14 heavy cruisers
141 destroyers and
6 light cruisers
destroyer escorts
35+ destroyers
Many PT boats,
300+ planes
submarines, and fleet (including land-based
auxiliaries
aircraft)
About 1,500 planes
Casualties and losses
~3,000 dead;
~10,500 dead;
1 light carrier,
1 fleet carrier,
2 escort carriers,
3 light carriers
2 destroyers,
3 battleships,
1 destroyer escort
10 cruisers,
sunk
11 destroyers sunk
200+ planes
~500 planes
http://military.discovery.com/tv-shows/ultimatewarfare/videos/diversion-at-sea-at-leyte-gulf.htm
9. Battle of Okinawa
• Resulted in heavy losses for Japanese & moved Allies
closer to an invasion of Japanese Homeland.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80fw7dqN-sk
Strength
183,000
120,000
Casualties and losses
12,513 killed
38,916
wounded,
33,096 noncombat
losses
Total:
84,570
About
95,000+
killed
7,400–
10,755
captured
Total:
105,755+
Estimated 42,000–150,000
civilians killed
The Japanese in Retreat
• Allies move to retake
Philippines in late 1944
• Battle of Leyte Gulf
leaves Japanese navy
badly damaged
• Kamikazes—Japanese
pilots who fly suicide
missions
• March 1945: American
forces capture Iwo Jima
• June 1945: U.S. takes
Okinawa. Japan suffers
huge casualties
The Japanese Surrender
• Advisors warn Truman that
invasion of Japan will cost
many lives
• He has alternative: the atomic
bomb
• Manhattan Project—a secret
program to develop the atomic
bomb
• Hiroshima bombed August 6,
1945; about 75,000 die
• Nagasaki bombed August 9,
1945: 70,000 die
• Japan surrenders September
2, 1945
The Manhattan Project
building the atomic bomb
http://www.history.com/topics/world-warii/d-day/videos/manhattanproject?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&
f=1&free=false
10. Bombing of Hiroshima
& Nagasaki
• Forced surrender of Japan and the
end of the war.
http://www.history.com/topics
/world-war-ii/d-day/videos/atomic-bomb
?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false