Download Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

Period 5:
Industrialization and
Global Connections
c. 1750 – c. 1900 ce
Ch 15, p 177
Source: AP World Crash Course World
History by: JP Harmon
Nationalism,
Revolution, and
Reform
Chapter 15
Many political revolutions around the globe. The Enlightenment
movements sparked revolutions based on liberty and equality. New
nations formed and old reformed. Nationalism plays into this theme.
Ideas from Europe’s Enlightenment Era
Spark Changes in Governments
Enlightenment
• Scientific Rev sparked the idea that the human
condition could be improved by applying rational
thought
• Enlightenment principles based on:
• Individual equality
• Voltaire & Rousseau
• All men created equal; none should be treated different
than another because of birth
• King is not automatically “better” than a commoner
• American Declaration of Independence based on these
ideas
Enlightenment
Enlightenment
• Individual liberty
• People should be free to make own
personal and economic decisions
• Abolish slavery
• Freedom of speech and religion are
“natural” rights
Enlightenment
• Limited government
• Locke & Rousseau believed the people had
a “social contract” with their government
• Leader of a gov’t failed to serve well, the
people had the right to revolt
• Republic was the favorite of Enlightenment
thinkers
• Adam Smith insisted that governments end
their mercantilism policies and stay out of the
way of the “natural” cycles of the economy
Enlightenment
Political Revolutions in the Atlantic
World
American Revolution
• First place Enlightenment principles were applied
on a large scale
• Effects of the American Rev
• Gave encouragement to others that a group of
colonies could overthrow their mother country
• Some say that the AR was not revolutionary at
all since elites were still in power after
• But the opposite can also be argued that even
with slavery, the US was still the most
democratic government in the world
American Revolution
American Revolution
French Revolution
• Not a colonial struggle, kind of like a
civil war with different goals
• Many stages of the revolution
• Constitutional monarchy
• Execution of the king
• Republic
• Dictatorship disguised as Empire
French Revolution
• Much more violent than American
• Great Fear
• Reign of Terror
• guillotine
Napoleon
• Claimed to be a child of the
Enlightenment…HA!!!
• Military dictator
• Enacted some beneficial reforms
• Overturned many monarchies throughout
Europe
• Defeated by a European coalition
• Congress of Vienna
• Redrew the boundaries of Europe
• Created several new nations
Napoleon
Haiti
•
•
•
•
On the heels of the French Revolution
Saint Dominigue
Slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture
Napoleon sent an army to quash the
rebellion, but failed
• Napoleon decided that keeping the colony
was too expensive anyway and gave up
Tousaint Loverture
Haiti
• Results:
• Establishment of the 2nd republic
• Haiti never really economically successful
because large crops of sugar and coffee
destroyed and replaced by small
unprofitable farms
Latin America
• Haitian success inspired the rest of LA
colonies to attempt revolt
• Simon Bolivar and other upper class
Creole elites helped LA colonies gain
independence
• LA had few educated people and a huge
gap between elite and poor
Latin America
• Elite remained in power making
establishing stable governments difficult
• Little social and economic change for the
non-elites
• Women’s rights frequently discussed but
less frequently enacted
Huge changes in society from the Industrial
Revolution resulted in unrest among the urban poor.
Revolts from 1820s – 1840s tore through Europe
with 2 goals: political freedom and economic
opportunity
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
REVOLTS, REFORMS AND FAMINE
Pressure in Cities and Factories
• Overcrowding cities created many
problems
• Disease, scarce housing and unemployment
• Lower classes suffered the most
• Government leaders slow to respond to calls
for reform for what ever the reason…
• Mid 19th c, political pressure from middle class
to help the urban poor
• Poor working conditions, long hours, low
pay
Calls for Change
• European activists rallied the urban poor to
protest
• Middle class urged to use new voting rights
to help the working class
• Women still have no suffrage
• Labor unions begin to form
• Illegal until late 19th c in Europe
Socialism
• Karl Marx
• Considered the most radical
• 1848, wrote “Communist Manifesto”
• Demanded the overthrow of the “haves” by the
“have nots”
• Bourgeoisie
• proletariat
• Dreamed of the creation of classless society
where ALL were politically, socially,
economically equal
Effects
• Middle class didn’t support the urban poor
as planned
• But did cause change
• Police services
• Cleaner water (London)
• Built public housing (Paris)
• Unemployment and social security benefits
(Germany)
Irish Famine
•
•
•
•
Diseased produce delivered to Ireland
Potato Blight
Spread rapidly through Ireland
Killed about 1 million, another million
migrated to US
• Caused increased support in Europe for
government programs to aid the poor as
general policy
Nationalism Leads to Revolts and
Political Changes
Europe in Flames
More Revolts
European Imperialism Leads to
Nationalist Movements in Africa and Asia
Africa
Africa
Africa
Asia
Asia
Asia
Falling Empires
Spain & Portugal
The Ottoman Empire