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Phrases, Clauses and
Sentences
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What is a phrase?
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 Definition:
A phrase is a small group of words that adds
meaning to a word.
A phrase is not a sentence because it is not a
complete idea with a subject and a predicate.
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KINDS OF PHRASE
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PRE. PHRASE
NOUN PHRASE
VERB PHRASE
ADJECTIVE
PHRASE
ADVERB PHRASE
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INFINITIVE
PHRASE
GERUND PHRASE
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PHRASE
PAST PARTICIPLE
PHRASE
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What is a noun phrase?
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 Definition:
A noun phrase is a group of words that does
the work of noun.
A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any
group of words that can be replaced by a
pronoun.
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STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASE
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 Noun pre-modifier
Modifiers before the noun are called premodifiers.
( modify means to limit, restrict,
characterize, or otherwise focus meaning )
All of pre-modifiers that are present and
noun together form
A NOUN PHRASE.
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 Noun post-modifier
Modifiers coming after a noun are called postmodifiers.
NOUN PHRASE
PRE-MODIFIER + NOUN
Ex- white house, the three old democratic legislators…
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NOUN PHRASE
NOUN + POST-MODIFIER
The most common post- modifier is
Prepositional phrase
Ex- The glass on the table, the boy in the store………….
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NOUN PHRASE
Pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
Ex- The boy on the top of the house…………….
The overhead projector on the ceiling……
The teacher next to the window……………
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EXPENSION OF NOUN PHRASE
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NOUN
PHRASE
NOUN
PERSONAL PERSON
DETERMINER + ADJ + N
DET + NOUN + PRE.P
PRONOUN
DETERMINER + NOUN
DET + ADJ + PRESENT .P + N
DET + ADJ + N + PRE.P
DET + ADJ + PRESENT .P +N + PRE.P
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What is a determiner?
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 Definition:
Determiner is a word that is used to clarify the noun.
To define something or
someone
To state the amount of people,
things or other nouns
To state possessive
To state something or someone
is specific
To state how things or people are
distributed
To state the difference between
noun
To state someone or something is
not specific
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DETERMINER
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DETERMINER
ARTICLES ( a, an, the)
DEMONSTRATIVES
POSSESSIVE ( my, your)
QUANTIFIERS ( few, much)
NUMBERS ( one, two…...)
ORDINALS ( first, second…….)
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KINDS OF DETERMINER
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PRE-DETERMINER
CENTRAL DETER-
POST-DETERMINER
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What is a pre-determiner?
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 Definition:
A pre-determiner is a word that is used to put in
front of other determiners in noun phrase.
Pre-determiner can be
The subset ( all, both, half…..)
Ex- all the children, both the boys, half the children
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Multipliers that consisting of ( once,
twice, thrice )
Ex- once a day, twice a day, thrice a day……………
Fraction other than half ( one-tenth,
two-third…)
Ex- one-tenth the speed, two-third the time…………..
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The subset ( double, treble,
quadruple…)
Ex- They now earn double their previous salary.
Multiplying expression headed by
times
Ex- ten times the fatalities, three times a day
four times each month………………………..
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Exclamation ( what which ) can precede the
indefinite article
Ex- what a day, what a happy occasion, such a friend
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What is a central determiner?
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 Definition:
A central determiner is a word that is used
to put after pre-determiner ( not all).
Ex- four time a day, two- third the time……..
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CENTRAL DETERMINERS
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CENTRAL DETERMINERS ARE
ARTICLES
DEMONSTRATIVES
POSSESSIVE
DETERMINERS
INTERROGATIVE
DETERMINERS
RELATIVE
DETERMINERS
NOMINAL RELATIVE
DETERMINERS ( WHICH)
WH-CONDITIONAL
DETERMINER ( WHAT)
INDEFINITE
DETERMINER ( some, any)
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What is a post-determiner?
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 Definition:
A post-determiner is a word that is used to put
after pre-determiner and central determiner.
Cardinals
Ex- all my six children, all my two brothers………….
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Primary ordinals
Ex- her twenty-first birthday………………………..
General ordinals
Ex- both her other daughter…………………………..
Primary quantifiers
Ex- all your few suggestions……………………………
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What is a modifier?
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 Definition:
A modifier is a word or sentence element
that is used to limit or qualify another word,
a phrase or a clause.
FORMS OF MODIFIER
ADJECTIVE
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ADVERB
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KINDS OF MODIFIER
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MODIFIER
PRE-MODIFIER
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POST-MODIFIER
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What is a pre-modifier of noun?
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 Definition:
A pre-modifier of noun is a word that is
used to put before noun and modify noun.
PRE-MODIFIER OF NOUN CAN BE
ADJECTIVE OR ADJECTIVE PHRASE
Ex- one single blood-pressure measurement…………
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NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE
Ex- It is a hundred and fifty pound job……………
-ING PARTICIPLE
Ex- the coming weeks……………………………………..
-ED PARTICIPLE
Ex- wasted natural resources……………………………
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GENITIVE NOUN PHRASE
Ex- the old soldier’s way……………………………
NUMERAL
Ex- six essays……………………………………………
ADVERB
Ex- the then managing editor……………………..
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PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Ex- behind- the- scenes negotiation…………………..
CLAUSE
Ex- It is required to allow updating and track entries
by data from several sensors using a read and lock
procedure call.
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What is a post-modifier of noun?
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 Definition:
A post-modifier of noun is a word that is
used to put after noun.
Post-modifier of noun can be
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Ex- It is just a question of which is the more efficient
approach.
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FINITE RELATIVE CLAUSE
Ex- We don’t have a constitution which stops
government from legislating certain things.
RELATIVE -ING PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Ex- The air mass bringing the coldest temperatures is
the polar continental mass which comes in from
the Soviet Union.
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RELATIVE -ED PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Ex- It is a school project planned for mine.
RELATIVE INFINITIVE CLAUSE
Ex- And again Fred when is the time to do it.
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APPOSITIVE FINITE CLAUSE
Ex- It is really shorthand for the view that well-being
depends on more than the absence of the disease.
ADVERB
Ex- ………………….so you arrived the day before did you.
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ADJECTIVE
Ex- Ohm let me fine you something ethnic.
NOUN PHRASE
Ex- He is in his address this morning.
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FUNCTION OF NOUN PHRASE
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NOUN PHRASE CAN BE USED
1- SUBJECT
Ex- My old laptop is not working now.
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2- DIRECTIVE OBJECT
Ex- …………………..sign your name there.
3- INDIRECT OBJECT
Ex- I always tell people the truth when I was young.
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4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- Uh faith has been a gift for you.
5- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- I called this little talk a survey of global economic
crisis.
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6- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION
Ex- Ohm but why isn’t it in French.
7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN OR
NOUN PHRASE
Ex- Simon is on this revision course.
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8- VOCATIVE
Ex- You are a teacher of English, Dad.
9- ADVERBIAL
Ex- The flag goes up far side.
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10- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE
Ex- The plane was 4 hours late.
11- PRE- MODIFIER OF PREPOSITION
Ex- He revealed Washington had informed Pakistan
an hour before the start of assault.
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12- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADVERB
Ex- Now Mercedes have always been good at insulting
their car but they are gone a stage further with this.
13- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
Ex- Women may suffer from lack of acceptable because
too many of men their ages are dead.
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14- POST-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE
Ex- We are short fifteen dollars.
Ex- Students are short two hundred dollars.
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What is an adjective?
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 Definition:
An adjective is a word that is used to modify
or to describe a noun or pronoun.
ADJECTIVE ANSWERS
Which…..?
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What kind…?
How
many..?
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What is an adjective phrase?
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 Definition:
An adjective phrase is a group of words that
does the work of an adjective.
The adjective phrase has its head as an
adjective, which may preceded by premodifiers and followed by post-modifiers.
Sometimes only one adjective is also an
adjective phrase.
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STRUCTURES OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE
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ADJECTIVE PHRASES ARE
PRE-MODIFIER
+ ADJECTIVE
PRE-MODIFIER
+ ADJECTIVE +
POST-MODIFIER
ADJECTIVE
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What is a pre-modifier of adjective?
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 Definition:
A pre-modifier of adjective is a word that is
used to put before an adjective.
Generally, the pre-modifier is an intensifier.
Ex- This is a perfectly good conversation as
far as I am concerned.
Ex- That is a bit premature, isn’t it.
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What is a post-modifier of adjective?
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 Definition:
A post-modifier of adjective is a word that is
used to put after an adjective.
Adjectives are typically post-modified by
prepositional phrases and various kinds of
clause.
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POST-MODIFIERS ARE
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1-PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Ex- I was afraid of him, didn’t really know him.
2-THAT- CLAUSE
Ex- I expect you are glad you are not a vegetarian.
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3- WH -CLAUSE
Ex- Yes, you have to be careful what is available in
what color.
4- TO INFINITIVE CLAUSE
Ex- If you have any questions then I would be happy to
hear from you, but would you please allow me
until 7 May.
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5- ING- PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Ex- But police were busy handling out letters about
operation to residents and Bush was happy with
the result.
6- COMPARATIVE CLAUSE
Ex- No I am sure it is easier than they say.
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7- ADVERB
Ex- It certainly tasted strong enough.
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FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE
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ADJECTIVE PHRASE CAN BE USED
1- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN
Ex- Well, it is a much less popular route.
2- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- No I mean Palin was extraordinary ugly.
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3- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- He is opening his mouth very wide just now.
4- POST-MODIFIER OF A PRONOUN
Ex- There would still be eyes watching and wondering
from a distance but, briefly there was no one close.
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5- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
Ex- To outsider London seems one of the most vibrant
culture capitals of the world, a city bright with
theaters ballet galleries.
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6- NOMINAL ADJECTIVE
Ex- Tonight I hope you will not mind if I eschew the
academic.
7- COMPLEMENT OF A
PREPOSITION
Ex- Kaye doesn’t finish till late.
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What is an adverb?
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 Definition:
An adverb is a word that is used to modify
or describe a verb, an adjective or another
adverbs.
ADVERB ANSWERS
WHEN….?
WHERE…?
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HOW MUCH..?
HOW..?
TO WHAT
DEGREE…?
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What is an adverb phrase?
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 Definition:
An adverb phrase is a group of words that
does the work as an adverb.
An adverb phrase has its head an adverb,
which may be preceded by pre-modifier and
sometimes followed by post- modifier.
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What is a pre-modifier of adverb?
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 Definition:
A pre-modifier of adverb is a word that is
used to put before adverb.
The most common pre-modifier is ( very ).
Ex- I wear this occasionally but very rarely.
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What is a post-modifier of adverb?
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 Definition:
A post-modifier of adverb is a word that is
used to put after adverb.
Two adverb intensifiers- enough and indeed
are commonly post-modified adverb.
Ex- It was quoted often enough in the recent
debate in the other place.
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STRUCTURES OF ADVERB PHRASE
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ADVERB PHRASE
PRE-MODIFIER +
ADVERB
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PRE-MODIFIER
+ADVERB +
POST-MODIFIER
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FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB PHRASE
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1- PRE-MODIFIER OF AN
ADJECTIVE
Ex- We are far too close to it.
2- PRE-MODIFIER OF AN
ADVERB
Ex- I am going to give you a prescription to clear up
the infection, then you need to have your teeth
extremely cleaned, as soon as possible.
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3- ADVERBIAL
Ex- Refunds of fee are not normally available.
4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- I thought he was here.
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5- PRE-MODIFIER OF A
PREPOSITION
Ex-But I have a feeling they might be right by the door.
6- PRE-MODIFIER OF A
PRONOUN
Ex- When I look around my friends, virtually all of
them seem to have got job careers.
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7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A
DETERMINER
Ex- Everybody knows that the results in fact have
absolutely no meaning and can be interpreted
any way you like.
8- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NUMERAL
Ex- The chap around forty is called Obama.
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9- PRE-MODIFIER OF A
NOUN PHRASE
Ex- This is really quite a problem I imagine.
10- POST-MODIFIER OF A
NOUN PHRASE
Ex- Your friend here speaks English well.
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11- POST-MODIFIER OF AN
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB
Ex- Well right that is fair enough then.
12- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- Shall I move these way?
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13- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- At least we are outside.
14- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION
Ex- Oh I should have thought he have had before now.
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What is a preposition?
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 Definition:
A preposition is a part of speech that shows
a relationship between two things.
PREPOSITION CAN BE ABOUT
LOCATION
(ON, UNDER, IN..)
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TIMING
(BEFORE, AFTER,
DURING………..)
DIRECTION
(FROM, TOWARD,
TO…………………..)
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What is a prepositional phrase?
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 Definition:
A prepositional phrase is a group of words
that consists of a preposition and followed
by noun phrase that serves as the object of
the preposition.
A prepositional phrase is composed of the
preposition and a following noun phrase.
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FORMS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
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PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASE
PREPOSITION +
NOUN ( PHRASE)
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PREPOSITION +
DETERMINER +
NOUN ( PHRASE )
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 Prepositional phrases are used either
adjectively to modify noun or adverbially to
modify verbs, adjectives, or clause.
Ex- The man in the house rented it.
Ex- He went in the arena.
Ex- Obama was happy about the goal.
Ex- On reflection, I believe that Palin was a
good nominee to be named.
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FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
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1- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN
Ex- Everybody questions the significance of the result.
2- POST-MODIFIER OF AN
ADJECTIVE
Ex- He was happy with his results.
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3- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- Yesterday, the sun was just as it is in India.
4- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE
Ex- From the time I bought her out of hospital
she never slept.
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What is a verb?
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 Definition:
A verb is a word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a statement.
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What is a verb phrase?
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 Definition:
A verb phrase is composed of the verb of the
sentence and any modifiers of verb,
including adverb, prepositional phrase or
object.
A verb phrase is a group of verbs that
consists of one or two helping verb (s) and
one main verb.
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What is a helping verb?
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 Definition:
A helping verb is a kind of verbs that is used to
help other verbs make negative, interrogative
sentence and make tenses or aspects.
 Definition:
A main verb is a kind of verbs that is used to
state the action of subject.
( Main verb can’t be omitted )
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FORMS OF VERB PHRASE
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VERB PHRASE
MAIN
VERB
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HELPING VERB
+ MAIN VERB
AUX + AUX +
MAIN VERB
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What is an infinitive?
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 Definition:
An infinitive is the name of certain verb
forms that exists in many language.
In the usual description of English, the
infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or
without the particle ( to): therefore, do and
to do, be and to be and so on are infinitives.
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FORMS OF INFINITIVE VERB
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INFINITIVE VERB
CAN BE
VERB
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TO + VERB
TO +
ADVERB +
VERB
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KINDS OF INFINITIVE VERB
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INFINITIVE
BARE
INFINITIVE
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FULL
INFINITIVE
CLEFT
INFINITIVE
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HOW TO USE BARE INFINITIVE
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Bare infinitive is used as the main verb
after dummy auxiliary verb ( do or most
modal auxiliary verbs ( will, can……….)
Ex- Obama will give an official speech to his great
citizens after he is nominated.
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Bare infinitive is used after several
verbs of perception ( see, watch, hear,
and sense take a direct object and a
bare infinitive).
Ex- I heard Cambodian prime minister speak in the
conference yesterday.
Ex- Sarah Palin watches her speech be broadcast on
CNN.
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Bare infinitive is used after several
verbs of permission or causation
including ( make, bid, let, and
have………………………………)
Ex- She always makes me cry everyday.
Ex- Hillary lets Mc cain give a speech to his supporters
in the white house.
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Bare infinitive is used as present
subjunctive form and imperative
form
Ex- PAD always demands Thai prime minister be
punished after he declined to solve economic
downturn for his nations.
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HOW TO USE FULL INFINITTIVE
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Full infinitive is used like a noun
phrase to be a subject of a verb.
Ex- To speak is very difficult for people who do not
want to speak.
Ex- To study seems uncomfortable.
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Full infinitive is used like an adjective
or adverb, expressing purpose or intent.
Ex- Obama is the man to talk to in the meeting.
Ex- Clinton is the former president to be named.
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Full infinitive is used as an object of a verb.
Ex- She wants to speak English with Palin.
Full infinitive is used after the direct object
of many transitive verbs.
Ex- I asked her to make his case on his behalf.
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Full infinitive is used after an
intransitive verb, together with a
subject using the preposition ( for ).
Ex- I arranged for him to accompany me or I waited
for summer to arrive.
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HOW TO USE CLEFT INFINITIVE
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Cleft infinitive is used to
emphasize subject.
Ex- He wants me to strongly shout.
Ex- Hillary wants Obama to strictly reform the USA
after election.
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What is an infinitive phrase?
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 Definition:
An infinitive phrase is composed of an
infinitive verb and any modifying adverbs or
prepositional phrase.
The infinitive phrase has three functions
NOUN
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ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
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EXAMPLES
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Ex- My duty as a coach is to teach skills.
Ex- My sister wanted a cat to love.
Ex- Bill is eager to work on his skating.
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What is a gerund?
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 Definition:
A gerund is a verbal that ends in – ing and
functions in a sentence as a noun.
VERB + ING
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HOW TO USE GERUND
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1- GERUND AS SUBJECT
Ex- Travelling might satisfy your desire for new
new experiences.
2- GERUND AS DIRECT
OBJECT
Ex- They do not appreciate singing at concert.
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3- GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Ex- My cat’s favorite activity is sleeping.
4- GERUND AS OBJECT OF
PREPOSITION
Ex- The police arrested him for kissing an 80-year old
woman in the garden during water festival.
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5- GERUND AFTER VERB PATTERN
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admit
avoid
Carry
on
consider
delay
deny
dislike
enjoy
finish
imagine
involve
practise
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6- GERUND AFTER SPECIAL
PHRASE
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To be busy
Couldn’t help
Don’t mind
How about
It is no good
There is no
What about
Spend on time
It is no use
There is no point
Worth…
Feel like
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7- GERUND AFTER PREPOSITION
Ex- After having a shower, I waited for Palin.
8-GERUND IN PASSIVE
Ex- I have three shirts that need washing.
( need, require, want……………………..)
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What is a gerund phrase?
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 Definition:
A gerund phrase is a group of words that consists
of a gerund and the modifiers ( pronoun, noun
phrase, prepositional phrase, to infinitive phrase
(adverb).
GERUND PHRASE
GERUND +
DIRECT
OBJECT
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GER + D.O +
PRE.P
GER + D.O +
TO INFI.P
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HOW TO USE GERUND PHRASE
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1- GERUND PHRASE AS SUBJECT
Ex- Finding a good teacher needs time.
2- GERUND PHRASE AS DIRECT
OBJECT
Ex- I hope that you appreciate my offering you this
opportunity.
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3- GERUND PHRASE AS
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Ex- Obama’s strategy has been lying to his supporters.
4- GERUND PHRASE AS OBJECT OF
PREPOSITION ( FOR)
Ex- You might get in trouble for taking an illness to
avoid work.
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What is a present participle?
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 Definition:
A present participle verb is a kind of verbs
that ends in – ing form and functions as
verb and as attributive verb.
VERB + ING
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HOW TO USE PRESENT PARTICIPLE VERB
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1- PRESENT PARTICIPLE VERB is used
to form the present action or present
progressive.
Ex- Susanna is learning English at CUE now.
2- PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used as
adjective to modify noun.
Ex- The watering can that is used by Obama is mine.
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3- PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used to
modify verb or sentence.
Ex- Broadly speaking, the project was successful.
Ex- Running for office, the senator tried to ignore the
fact he took bribes.
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What is a past participle verb?
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 Definition:
A past participle verb is a kind of verbs that
is finished by ( -ed ) or changed to the other
form that depends on verbs.
VERB + ED
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HOW TO USE PAST PARTICIPLE
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1- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to
form the present perfect aspect.
Ex- He has studied English since he was 12.
2- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to
form passive voice.
Ex- The chicken was eaten after cook.
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3- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to
modify a noun, active sense.
Ex- Our fallen comrades will suffer at night.
4- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to
modify a noun , passive sense.
Ex-Our arrested hero will speak to his supporters at 12.
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4- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to
modify a verb or sentence.
Ex- Given a wonderful handkerchief, Serey Mon smiles
and says thank you to his audience.
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What is a clause?
109
 Definition:
A clause is a unit containing a lexical verb.
A clause is a unit that consists of a subject
and followed by a predicate.
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KINDS OF CLAUSE
110
CLAUSE
UPSTAIRS
CLAUSE
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DOWNSTAIRS
CLAUSE
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What is an upstairs clause?
111
 Definition:
An upstairs clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a predicate and
expresses a complete thought.
SUBJECT + PREDICATE
(COMPLETE IDEA )
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What is a downstairs clause?
112
 Definition:
A downstairs clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a predicate, but
doesn’t express a complete thought.
A downstairs clause is often marked by a
dependent marker word.
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KINDS OF DOWNSTAIRS CLAUSE
113
DOWNSTAIRS
CLAUSE
NOUN
CLAUSE
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ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
ADVERB
CLAUSE
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What is a noun clause?
114
 Definition:
A noun clause is a downstairs clause that
functions as a noun within upstairs clause.
NOUN CLAUSE
USUALLY BEGINES
WITH
How , Why, What, Where, When, Who, That,
Which, Whose, Whether….
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KINDS OF NOUN CLAUSE
115
NOUN
CLAUSE
THAT WHCLAUSE CLAUSE
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INFINITIVE
-CLAUSE
INGCLAUSE
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EXAMPLES
116
Ex- Everyone believes that Koy is the most handsome
in Phnom Penh.
Ex- What Obama believes is not very important.
Ex- My plan is to marry Brad Pitt.
Ex- I am scared of losing Brad I don’t move to
Hollywood.
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FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSE
117
1- NOUN CLAUSE is used as subject.
Ex- That Bush left early surprised us.
2- NOUN CLAUSE is used as
complements
Ex-The problem is that Cambodia is not a rich country.
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3- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an
object of a verb.
Ex- We didn’t realize that Obama can resolve problem.
4- NOUN LAUSE is used as an
object of a gerund.
Ex- Finding out that Sok cried makes us bored.
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5- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object
of an infinitive.
Ex- He needs to know that she was arrested yesterday.
6- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an
object of a preposition.
Ex- The gossip was about why was arrested yesterday.
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7- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an
object of a participle.
Ex- Realizing that she was killed, we ran to Paris.
8- NOUN CLAUSE is used as a
complement of an adjective.
Ex- Are you sure that she was accused of killing?
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What is an adjective clause?
121
 Definition:
An adjective clause, also called relative
clause, is a group of words that contains a
subject and a predicate of its own and does
the work of an adjective.
An adjective clause is a downstairs clause
that does the work as an adjective.
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Adjective clause or relative clause
always begins with relative pronouns.
Who
Whom
Whose
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Where
Which
That
When
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123
 We use adjective clause, also called
relative clause, to identify or give
additional information about nouns
(people, places, or things…….).
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Who and Whom
Are used only for person or people. (Who)
is the subject of the clause.
After ( who) you should see a verb.
( whom) is the object of the clause.
After ( whom) you should see a subject
(noun, pronoun).
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Sentence with adjective clause
Can be seen as combination of two sentences.
 I have a friend. She loves to shop.
Ex- I have a friend who loves to shop.
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126
who
 The man is playing baseball.
 The man is holding a bat.
Ex- The man who is holding a bat is playing baseball.
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127
Whom
 I see the doctor in the room.
 The doctor is my father.
Ex- The doctor whom you see in the room is my father.
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Which
Is used only for things which can be both
subject and object of the clause.
 The telephone is in your room.
 The telephone is ringing.
Ex- The telephone which is in your room is ringing.
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That
Is used for both people and things ( less
formal than whom and which )
That can be both subject and object of the clause.
 I see the flowers.
 The flowers are in the pond.
Ex- The flowers that you see are in the pond.
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Whose
Is the possessive and is used for both people
and things and must be followed by a noun.
Whose + noun
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can be subject or obj.
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131
Ex- I heard the scientist whose work is
attracting interesting.
Ex- I met the scientist whose work I admire.
Whose
 The girl is crying. Her cat is sick.
Ex- The girl whose cat is sick is crying.
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 The verb in the adjective clause is singular if
the subject relative clause refers to a
singular noun. It is plural if it refers to a
plural noun.
Ex- Ben is my friend who lives in Boston.
Ex- John and Alex are my friends who live in
Paris.
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Who, whom, which, that, (o)
Can be the subject of the preposition in its
clause. If the preposition is at the beginning
of the clause, whom or which must be used.
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 In formal English, we put the preposition at
the beginning of the clause. Also, we use
only whom not who or that to refer to
people, and which not that to refer to things.
Ex- He is the writer who I work for.
He is the writer for whom I work.
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Where
Modifies the noun place ( country, city,
building, house, room, street, and so on ).
Ex- I want to know the name of city where you
you were born.
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136
When
Modifies the noun time ( century, year, …).
Ex- Obama wants to know the date when you
were born.
Ex- I will tell her the time when I am free.
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
137
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
RESTRICTIVE
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
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NONRESTRICTIVE
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
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138
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Identify the noun or pronoun modified. It
gives information needed in order to know
who or what the pronoun refers to.
Ex- The car that has broken headlights
belongs to my teacher of English.
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NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
Give extra information about the noun or
pronoun but is not needed to identify it.
Ex- The Eiffel Tower has an elevator, which I
rode to the top.
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NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
Use
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Who, which,
whom, whose,
where, when
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141
IN NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
 Do not use the relative pronoun ( that).
 Do not omit the objective relative
pronoun.
 Always put commas around a nonrestrictive adjective clause.
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 If an adjective clause is a restrictive adjective
clause, the adjective phrase is a restrictive
adjective phrase.
 If an adjective clause is a non- restrictive
adjective clause, the adjective phrase is a
non-restrictive adjective phrase.
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What is an adverb clause?
143
 Definition:
An adverb clause is a subordinate
clause that functions as an adverb
within main clause.
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KINDS OF ADVERB CLAUSE
144
ADVERB
CLAUSE OF
1- TIME
2- REASON
3- CONCESSION
4- CONTRAST
5- RESULT
6- PURPOSE
7- PLACE
8- MANNER
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What is an adverb of time?
145
 Definition:
An adverb clause of time is an adverb clause
that is introduced by
When, whenever, while, as,
before, after, till, until, since,
and as soon as.
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EXAMPLES
146
 When he arrives, he will tell us the truth.
 Mary was dancing while Bush was singing.
 The train left as we arrived.
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What is an adverb clause of reason?
147
 Definition:
An adverb clause of reason is an adverb
clause that is introduced by
Because, since,
for, and as ….
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EXAMPLES
148
 I was late because I could not catch the bus.
 The manager dismissed Mary for she was very
lazy.
 As the weather was bad, we cancelled the
picnic.
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What is an adverb of concession?
149
 Definition:
An adverb of concession is an adverb clause
that is introduced by
Though, although, even though,
no matter how, no matter what,
and as,…..
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EXAMPLES
150
 Although he is small, he is very strong.
 No matter how smart they are, they are
required to do the revision.
 No matter what the doctor did, the girl was
dead.
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What is an adverb clause of contrast?
151
 Definition:
An adverb clause of contrast is an adverb
clause that is introduced by
Whereas, and
while…
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EXAMPLES
152
 We took the train whereas Peter drove.
 While Obama is a good math student, we do
well in English.
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What is an adverb clause of result?
153
 Definition:
An adverb clause of result is an adverb
clause that always linked with
So that, so+ adjective/ adverb + that
and such + a + noun + that,…..
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EXAMPLES
154
 Tom was so weak that he could not run.
 It was such a strange story that no one
believe it.
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What is an adverb clause of purpose?
155
 Definition:
An adverb clause of purpose is an adverb
clause that always linked with
So that, in order
that, for fear
that, in case,….
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EXAMPLES
156
 He arrived earlier so that he would not late.
 They brought a lot of food for fear that they
would be hungry during the trip.
 She brought the credit card in case she did
not have enough cash.
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What is an adverb clause of place?
157
 Definition:
An adverb clause of place is an adverb clause
that is introduced by
Where, and wherever
Ex- Nobody knows where he has been.
Ex- He travels wherever he like.
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What is an adverb clause of manner?
158
 Definition:
An adverb clause of manner is an adverb
clause that is introduced by
As, as if, and
as though….
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EXAMPLES
159
 Please do as I have told you.
note
 He cries as if he were mad.
 He speaks as though he were the boss.
The subjunctive is
used after as if, as
though.
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COMPLETE
160
IDEA
SUBJECT
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PREDICATE
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What is a sentence?
161
 Definition:
A sentence is a group of words that beginning with
a capital letter and ending with a full stop,
exclamation, or question mark . In written
language, containing a main verb.
A sentence is a group of words that usually
contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a
complete idea.
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What is a sentence?
162
 Definition:
A sentence is a group of words that
expresses a complete thought.
Sentence has two parts
SUBJECT
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PREDICATE
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KINDS OF SENTENCE
163
SENTENCE
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1- SIMPLE
SENTENCE
2- COMPOUND
SENTENCE
3- COMPLEX
SENTENCE
4- COMPOUND
COMPLEX
SENTENCE
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What is a simple sentence?
164
 Definition:
A simple sentence, also called as an
independent clause, is a group of words
that contains a subject and a predicate.
It expresses a complete thought.
Ex- My teacher is a Cambodian.
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What is a compound sentence?
165
 Definition:
A compound sentence is a sentence
that contains two independent clauses
joined by coordinators.
Coordinators are also called
FANBOYS
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What is a complex sentence?
166
 Definition:
A complex sentence is a sentence that
has one independent clause and joined
by one or more dependent clause (s).
Ex- Palin will work with Obama
after she is nominated.
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What is a compound complex sentence?
167
 Definition:
A compound complex sentence is a sentence
that is composed of two independent clauses
and one or more dependent clause (s).
Ex- She wants to be an educator, but Susanna
doesn’t want to do after she graduates.
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SOME ADDITIONAL SENTENCES
168
CLEFT SEENTENCE
 Definition:
A cleft sentence is a sentence formed by a
main clause and a subordinate clause, which
together express a meaning that could be
expressed by a simple sentence.
Ex- It was from John that she heard the news.
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What is a universal sentence?
169
 Definition:
A universal sentence is the sentence in the
present tense sometime refers to a state
which holds at all times or at every time in
the existence of the referent of the subject.
Ex- The sun rises in the east.
Ex- The earth is round.
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What is an imperative sentence?
170
 Definition:
An imperative sentence is a kind of
sentences that is used to give a command.
An imperative sentence sometime subject is
understood.
Ex- Please, have a look at handsome man.
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What is a matrix sentence?
171
 Definition:
A matrix sentence is a sentence that has
been embedded as a constituent.
Ex- After eating the raw fish, the cat died.
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