Download US history unit 4

US HISTORY
UNIT 4
Civil War and
Reconstruction
5.1: The South Secedes
• Issue of slavery tearing the U.S. apart; main political issue
• 1854: Republican Party formed
• Northern Democrats, Whigs, Free-Soilers
• Opposed extension of slavery into new territories
• Presidential election of 1860:
• Democrats split along sectional lines over slavery
• Northern Democrats supported popular sovereignty
• Southern Democrats wanted federal protection of slavery
• Republicans choose Abraham Lincoln
5.1: The South Secedes & Fort Sumter
• The South Secedes:
• Lincoln won presidential election in 1860
• South Carolina seceded from Union followed by six other states
• Montgomery, Alabama; formed Confederate States of America
• Selected Jefferson Davis as their president
• Fort Sumter
• Located in SC (enemy territory); 1 month supplies remaining
• Lincoln wanted to uphold the Union but not provoke war (?)
• Notified governor he was sending supplies but not troops or weapons
• Confederacy opened fire before supplies arrived; forced surrender
• Lincoln issued call for 75,000 volunteers
5.1: Key Figures of the Civil War
• Abraham Lincoln
• President of U.S. during the Civil War; first Republican president
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Successful Union general in West; put in charge of all Union troops
• Defeated South, accepted General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox
Courthouse
• Went on to become 18th President of U.S.
• William T. Sherman
• Union general in command in West after Grant
• His capture of Atlanta in 1864 signaled war was coming to an end
• Victory in Atlanta helped Lincoln win re-election in 1864
• Most remembered for his “March to the Sea”
• Burned, destroyed Southern cities, railways
• Disrupted Confederate war effort
5.1: Key Figures of the Civil War
• Jefferson Davis
• First, only president of the Confederate States of America
• Robert E. Lee
• Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
• Won several impressive victories; not enough men, supplies to win war
• Surrendered to General Grant
5.1: Key Battles of the Civil War
• First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861) [First Manassas]
• First confrontation; humiliating defeat for Union troops
• 30 miles from Washington, D.C., Confederates could have invaded
• Failed to pursue retreating Union troops, missed golden opportunity
• Made it clear war would last longer than expected
• Lincoln adopted General Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”
5.1: Naval Battles
• Confederates created an “ironclad,” the Merrimack
• Union created an ironclad, the Monitor
• March 9, 1862: two ships battle off coast of Virginia
• After several hours, Merrimack withdrew; neither ship had much damage
• Confederates blew up Merrimack to keep it from Union capture
• Monitor sank during a storm
• Battle marked new era in naval warfare
• Also first time submarines used as weapons of war
• Union first to use submarine; no Union submarine ever engaged in battle
• Most notable was CSS Hunley
• Intended to sink Union ships blockading Confederate harbors
• Feb. 18, 1864: became first submarine to successfully sink enemy ship
• CSS Hunley sank during that same battle
5.1: The Eastern Theater
• Second Battle of Bull Run (August 29, 1862) [Second Manassas]
• 1862: Robert E. Lee assumed command of Army of Northern Virginia
• One of his first major victories came here
• Battle ended Union’s hopes of invading Richmond
• Emboldened Lee to attempt an invasion of the North
• Battle of Antietam (Sept. 17, 1862)
• Lee tried to maintain secrecy of invasion plans
• General McClellan (Union’s commander) unaware of Lee’s location
• Copy of Lee’s orders found wrapped around some cigars
• McClellan now met Lee with prepared Union force
• Proved to be bloodiest single day of the war
• Union halted Confederate advance
• McClellan hesitated to pursue, allowed Lee escape
5.1: The Eastern Theater
• Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-5, 1863) “Lee’s perfect battle”
• Gen. Stonewall Jackson played pivotal role in this victory
• 40,000 Confederate troops defeated 70,000 Union troops
• Unfortunately, Jackson’s own troops accidently shot him; later died
• Lee lost his most talented, reliable commander here
• Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)
• Turning point of the war; Union troops defeated
• Without Jackson, Lee’s troops less aggressive
• Failed to gain high ground early in battle
• Union forces under command of Gen. Meade
• Ended any hope of invasion of the North
• Bloodiest battle of entire war
• Lincoln returns to scene to deliver Gettysburg Address
5.1: The Western Theater
• Battle of Vicksburg (May 15-July 4, 1863)
• Last Confederate obstacle to total Union control of Mississippi River
• Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for almost two months
• By surrender, residents were reduced to eating horses, mules, rats
• Sherman’s “March to the Sea” (May-December 1864)
• Captured Atlanta in September 1864
• Victory helped Lincoln win re-election in November 1864
• Destroyed bridges, factories, railroads (“total war”)
• Turned north into Carolinas headed to Richmond
• Wanted to trap Confederate troops between him and Grant
5.1: Political Issues of the Civil War
• Another point of conflict was when Lincoln decided to use the draft
• This draft particularly unpopular among poor, immigrants
• Wealthy citizens could avoid military service by paying a substitute
• July 1863: draft riots broke out in NYC, killing more than 100 people
• Most notable political opponents of Lincoln were the “Copperheads”
• Union Democrats who criticized Lincoln and the war
• Played on Northern fears
• Predicted freed slaves would move North to steal white jobs
• Encouraged Union soldiers to desert the army, resist the draft
5.1: Political Issues of the Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation, African American Soldiers
• Union victory at Antietam gave Lincoln chance to issue Proclamation
• Freed slaves in states in rebellion against the Union
• Maintained slavery in border states loyal to Union
• Hoped Confederates return to Union rather than risk losing slaves
• Hoped to undermine South’s reliance on slave labor
• Hoped to gain support of England/France (already abolished slavery)
• Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union army
• Started accepting African Americans in army in 1862
• All-black regiments with white officers (54th Massachusetts)
• Often subjected to racism and discrimination
5.1: Union Victory
• March 1864: Lincoln put Grant in command of Union Army
• Grant began campaign designated to crush Confederates
• “War of attrition” (gradual wearing down of an opponent)
• With Lee finally surrounded in Virginia, surrender was initiated
• April 9, 1865: Appomattox Courthouse: Lee surrendered to Grant
5.2: Southern Reconstruction
• After Civil War, nation entered period known as Reconstruction
• Era in which government tried to rebuild the South
• Lincoln did not want to make the South suffer (10% Plan)
• Sadly, Lincoln did not live to see this fulfilled
• April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated
5.2: Andrew Johnson & Radical Republicans
• After Lincoln’s death, Andrew Johnson became president
• Southerner, former slave owner, sympathetic to South
• “Presidential Reconstruction:”
• Seen as too lenient by those in North; conflict arose
• Johnson v. Radical Republicans
• Republicans who favored much tougher stance on Confederacy
• “Radical Reconstruction:”
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Johnson’s plan did not go far enough
Failed to offer African Americans full citizenship rights
Congress, not president, should oversee Reconstruction
10% Plan (like Lincoln) for readmission to Union
Republicans came to dominate southern governments at this time
5.2: 14th Amendment & Federal Legislation
• Prior to Lincoln’s death, Congress passed 13th Amendment
• Ended slavery throughout the U.S. (not Emancipation Proclamation)
• Civil Rights Act of 1866:
• Intended on giving African Americans citizenship rights
• Johnson opposed this measure; Congress overrode his veto
• Worried courts might strike this down, so introduced as an amendment
• 14th Amendment: (1868)
• Guaranteed that no person would be deprived on life, liberty, property
without due process
• Granted citizenship to African Americans
5.2: Johnson’s Impeachment
• Johnson and Congress continued to battle over control
• 1868: Johnson tried to fire Sec. of War Edward Stanton
• Stanton appointed by Lincoln, closely tied to Radical Republicans
• Violated Tenure of Office Act
• Limited president’s power to hire/fire government officials
• Led by Thaddeus Stevens, Congress voted to impeach Johnson
• May 16, 1868: Senate voted to spare Johnson by just one vote
5.2: 15th Amendment
• Last of the “Reconstruction Amendments” (1870)
• Enacted under President Grant
• Guaranteed no citizen denied right to vote on account of race, color, etc.
• ** Did not, however, grant women the right to vote **
• ** Offended women who had worked for abolition movement **
5.2: Farming & Freedmen’s Bureau
• Although they had freedom, “freedmen” had no land or money
• In order to survive, many turned to “sharecropping”
• Family farmed portion of landowner’s land
• In return, they received housing and a share of the crop
• Many, however, fell victim to dishonest landowners; much like slavery
• Some tried “tenant farming”
• Tenant farmers paid rent to farm the land
• Owned the crops they grew, less at mercy of whites
• 1865: Freedmen’s Bureau
• First federal relief agency in U.S. history
• Served to provide clothing, medical attention, meals, education, etc.
• Lacking strong support, it disbanded in 1869
5.2: Education & the Church
• Desire for freedom led to rise of African American churches
• Black churches became centers for African Americans social/political life
• African American ministers came to be seen as social/political leaders
• African Americans also sought education
• With help of Freedmen’s Bureau, schools were established
• Teachers often African American soldiers who’d acquired education
• Students included both adults/children
5.2: Politics & Social Debate
• Allowed access to political process by Republicans
• Sometimes led to conflict within the black community
• Northern blacks and some “elite” Southern blacks opposed land exchanges
• Take land from private landowners, redistribute to poorer freedmen
• Southern blacks resented Northern; moved South to gain political positions
• Overall, however, blacks remained unified in struggle for equality
5.2: Black Codes & the KKK
• Many Southern states passed “black codes”
• Meant to keep African Americans subordinate to whites
• Restricted the rights of freed slaves
• Ex: not meet after sunset, own weapons, rent property
• Some whites advocated violence against freed blacks
• Most notorious group: Ku Klux Klan
• Used violence, murder, threats to intimidate blacks
5.2: Compromise of 1877 & End of Reconstruction
• 1876 presidential election:
• Republicans, Grant dealing with bad economy, scandals (2nd term)
• Republicans chose Rutherford Hayes
• Democrats chose Samuel Tilden
• Tilden received more popular votes (3000+), but election contested
• Congress appointed electoral commission to settle dispute
• Compromise of 1877:
• Democrats give Hayes/Republicans the presidency
• Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction:
• Southern states:
• (1)
Received federal money
• (2) Received more power to govern themselves
• (3) Got federal troops removed
5.2: Post Reconstruction & Segregation
• Southern states began passing Jim Crow laws
• Required blacks and whites to use separate public facilities
• Many states tried to avoid upholding 15th Amendment:
• Required literacy tests, poll taxes, and used grandfather clauses
• Established “segregation” in restaurants, hospitals, schools, etc.
• Two kinds of segregation:
• (1) “de jure segregation:” segregation based on law
• (2) “de facto segregation:” not officially instituted by law but evolves due to
economic or social factors
• 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson
• Established “separate but equal” mindset/practice