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US HISTORY UNIT 4 Civil War and Reconstruction 5.1: The South Secedes • Issue of slavery tearing the U.S. apart; main political issue • 1854: Republican Party formed • Northern Democrats, Whigs, Free-Soilers • Opposed extension of slavery into new territories • Presidential election of 1860: • Democrats split along sectional lines over slavery • Northern Democrats supported popular sovereignty • Southern Democrats wanted federal protection of slavery • Republicans choose Abraham Lincoln 5.1: The South Secedes & Fort Sumter • The South Secedes: • Lincoln won presidential election in 1860 • South Carolina seceded from Union followed by six other states • Montgomery, Alabama; formed Confederate States of America • Selected Jefferson Davis as their president • Fort Sumter • Located in SC (enemy territory); 1 month supplies remaining • Lincoln wanted to uphold the Union but not provoke war (?) • Notified governor he was sending supplies but not troops or weapons • Confederacy opened fire before supplies arrived; forced surrender • Lincoln issued call for 75,000 volunteers 5.1: Key Figures of the Civil War • Abraham Lincoln • President of U.S. during the Civil War; first Republican president • Ulysses S. Grant • Successful Union general in West; put in charge of all Union troops • Defeated South, accepted General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse • Went on to become 18th President of U.S. • William T. Sherman • Union general in command in West after Grant • His capture of Atlanta in 1864 signaled war was coming to an end • Victory in Atlanta helped Lincoln win re-election in 1864 • Most remembered for his “March to the Sea” • Burned, destroyed Southern cities, railways • Disrupted Confederate war effort 5.1: Key Figures of the Civil War • Jefferson Davis • First, only president of the Confederate States of America • Robert E. Lee • Commander of Confederate Army of Northern Virginia • Won several impressive victories; not enough men, supplies to win war • Surrendered to General Grant 5.1: Key Battles of the Civil War • First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861) [First Manassas] • First confrontation; humiliating defeat for Union troops • 30 miles from Washington, D.C., Confederates could have invaded • Failed to pursue retreating Union troops, missed golden opportunity • Made it clear war would last longer than expected • Lincoln adopted General Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” 5.1: Naval Battles • Confederates created an “ironclad,” the Merrimack • Union created an ironclad, the Monitor • March 9, 1862: two ships battle off coast of Virginia • After several hours, Merrimack withdrew; neither ship had much damage • Confederates blew up Merrimack to keep it from Union capture • Monitor sank during a storm • Battle marked new era in naval warfare • Also first time submarines used as weapons of war • Union first to use submarine; no Union submarine ever engaged in battle • Most notable was CSS Hunley • Intended to sink Union ships blockading Confederate harbors • Feb. 18, 1864: became first submarine to successfully sink enemy ship • CSS Hunley sank during that same battle 5.1: The Eastern Theater • Second Battle of Bull Run (August 29, 1862) [Second Manassas] • 1862: Robert E. Lee assumed command of Army of Northern Virginia • One of his first major victories came here • Battle ended Union’s hopes of invading Richmond • Emboldened Lee to attempt an invasion of the North • Battle of Antietam (Sept. 17, 1862) • Lee tried to maintain secrecy of invasion plans • General McClellan (Union’s commander) unaware of Lee’s location • Copy of Lee’s orders found wrapped around some cigars • McClellan now met Lee with prepared Union force • Proved to be bloodiest single day of the war • Union halted Confederate advance • McClellan hesitated to pursue, allowed Lee escape 5.1: The Eastern Theater • Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-5, 1863) “Lee’s perfect battle” • Gen. Stonewall Jackson played pivotal role in this victory • 40,000 Confederate troops defeated 70,000 Union troops • Unfortunately, Jackson’s own troops accidently shot him; later died • Lee lost his most talented, reliable commander here • Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) • Turning point of the war; Union troops defeated • Without Jackson, Lee’s troops less aggressive • Failed to gain high ground early in battle • Union forces under command of Gen. Meade • Ended any hope of invasion of the North • Bloodiest battle of entire war • Lincoln returns to scene to deliver Gettysburg Address 5.1: The Western Theater • Battle of Vicksburg (May 15-July 4, 1863) • Last Confederate obstacle to total Union control of Mississippi River • Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for almost two months • By surrender, residents were reduced to eating horses, mules, rats • Sherman’s “March to the Sea” (May-December 1864) • Captured Atlanta in September 1864 • Victory helped Lincoln win re-election in November 1864 • Destroyed bridges, factories, railroads (“total war”) • Turned north into Carolinas headed to Richmond • Wanted to trap Confederate troops between him and Grant 5.1: Political Issues of the Civil War • Another point of conflict was when Lincoln decided to use the draft • This draft particularly unpopular among poor, immigrants • Wealthy citizens could avoid military service by paying a substitute • July 1863: draft riots broke out in NYC, killing more than 100 people • Most notable political opponents of Lincoln were the “Copperheads” • Union Democrats who criticized Lincoln and the war • Played on Northern fears • Predicted freed slaves would move North to steal white jobs • Encouraged Union soldiers to desert the army, resist the draft 5.1: Political Issues of the Civil War • Emancipation Proclamation, African American Soldiers • Union victory at Antietam gave Lincoln chance to issue Proclamation • Freed slaves in states in rebellion against the Union • Maintained slavery in border states loyal to Union • Hoped Confederates return to Union rather than risk losing slaves • Hoped to undermine South’s reliance on slave labor • Hoped to gain support of England/France (already abolished slavery) • Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union army • Started accepting African Americans in army in 1862 • All-black regiments with white officers (54th Massachusetts) • Often subjected to racism and discrimination 5.1: Union Victory • March 1864: Lincoln put Grant in command of Union Army • Grant began campaign designated to crush Confederates • “War of attrition” (gradual wearing down of an opponent) • With Lee finally surrounded in Virginia, surrender was initiated • April 9, 1865: Appomattox Courthouse: Lee surrendered to Grant 5.2: Southern Reconstruction • After Civil War, nation entered period known as Reconstruction • Era in which government tried to rebuild the South • Lincoln did not want to make the South suffer (10% Plan) • Sadly, Lincoln did not live to see this fulfilled • April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated 5.2: Andrew Johnson & Radical Republicans • After Lincoln’s death, Andrew Johnson became president • Southerner, former slave owner, sympathetic to South • “Presidential Reconstruction:” • Seen as too lenient by those in North; conflict arose • Johnson v. Radical Republicans • Republicans who favored much tougher stance on Confederacy • “Radical Reconstruction:” • • • • • Johnson’s plan did not go far enough Failed to offer African Americans full citizenship rights Congress, not president, should oversee Reconstruction 10% Plan (like Lincoln) for readmission to Union Republicans came to dominate southern governments at this time 5.2: 14th Amendment & Federal Legislation • Prior to Lincoln’s death, Congress passed 13th Amendment • Ended slavery throughout the U.S. (not Emancipation Proclamation) • Civil Rights Act of 1866: • Intended on giving African Americans citizenship rights • Johnson opposed this measure; Congress overrode his veto • Worried courts might strike this down, so introduced as an amendment • 14th Amendment: (1868) • Guaranteed that no person would be deprived on life, liberty, property without due process • Granted citizenship to African Americans 5.2: Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson and Congress continued to battle over control • 1868: Johnson tried to fire Sec. of War Edward Stanton • Stanton appointed by Lincoln, closely tied to Radical Republicans • Violated Tenure of Office Act • Limited president’s power to hire/fire government officials • Led by Thaddeus Stevens, Congress voted to impeach Johnson • May 16, 1868: Senate voted to spare Johnson by just one vote 5.2: 15th Amendment • Last of the “Reconstruction Amendments” (1870) • Enacted under President Grant • Guaranteed no citizen denied right to vote on account of race, color, etc. • ** Did not, however, grant women the right to vote ** • ** Offended women who had worked for abolition movement ** 5.2: Farming & Freedmen’s Bureau • Although they had freedom, “freedmen” had no land or money • In order to survive, many turned to “sharecropping” • Family farmed portion of landowner’s land • In return, they received housing and a share of the crop • Many, however, fell victim to dishonest landowners; much like slavery • Some tried “tenant farming” • Tenant farmers paid rent to farm the land • Owned the crops they grew, less at mercy of whites • 1865: Freedmen’s Bureau • First federal relief agency in U.S. history • Served to provide clothing, medical attention, meals, education, etc. • Lacking strong support, it disbanded in 1869 5.2: Education & the Church • Desire for freedom led to rise of African American churches • Black churches became centers for African Americans social/political life • African American ministers came to be seen as social/political leaders • African Americans also sought education • With help of Freedmen’s Bureau, schools were established • Teachers often African American soldiers who’d acquired education • Students included both adults/children 5.2: Politics & Social Debate • Allowed access to political process by Republicans • Sometimes led to conflict within the black community • Northern blacks and some “elite” Southern blacks opposed land exchanges • Take land from private landowners, redistribute to poorer freedmen • Southern blacks resented Northern; moved South to gain political positions • Overall, however, blacks remained unified in struggle for equality 5.2: Black Codes & the KKK • Many Southern states passed “black codes” • Meant to keep African Americans subordinate to whites • Restricted the rights of freed slaves • Ex: not meet after sunset, own weapons, rent property • Some whites advocated violence against freed blacks • Most notorious group: Ku Klux Klan • Used violence, murder, threats to intimidate blacks 5.2: Compromise of 1877 & End of Reconstruction • 1876 presidential election: • Republicans, Grant dealing with bad economy, scandals (2nd term) • Republicans chose Rutherford Hayes • Democrats chose Samuel Tilden • Tilden received more popular votes (3000+), but election contested • Congress appointed electoral commission to settle dispute • Compromise of 1877: • Democrats give Hayes/Republicans the presidency • Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction: • Southern states: • (1) Received federal money • (2) Received more power to govern themselves • (3) Got federal troops removed 5.2: Post Reconstruction & Segregation • Southern states began passing Jim Crow laws • Required blacks and whites to use separate public facilities • Many states tried to avoid upholding 15th Amendment: • Required literacy tests, poll taxes, and used grandfather clauses • Established “segregation” in restaurants, hospitals, schools, etc. • Two kinds of segregation: • (1) “de jure segregation:” segregation based on law • (2) “de facto segregation:” not officially instituted by law but evolves due to economic or social factors • 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson • Established “separate but equal” mindset/practice