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Chapter 23 The Coming of War Page 770 Section 1 Dictators and War • Explain how dictators and militaristic regimes arose in the 1930’s • Summarize the actions taken by aggressive regimes in Europe and Asia • Analyze the responses of Britain, France, and the U.S. • The terrible world economy would allow dictators to rise up in several countries Section 1 The Rise of Dictators • The end of WWI was suppose to end all wars • However, the world wide recession of the 1930’s would allow many irrational dictators to rise to power Russia • Joseph Stalin would come to power in the 1920’s • Wanted to modernize the backward country • Russia and the U.S. did have a positive relationship economically in politically • However, disagreed with the ways Stalin quieted political dissent which would not become evident till after WWII • Known for the purges of his own peopleGreat Terror- possibly 10 million Fascism • How is Fascism different than communism or socialism?? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_embedded&v=4r2kol25FKs • • • • The State has absolute power Everything is done for the good of the nation The nation grants or refuses rights. Political system Mussolini and Italian Fascism • Italy’s economy would plummet after WWI • Benito Mussolini, a blacksmith’s son and war veteran, would use his powerful charisma and oratory prowess to rise to power • Played on people’s fears of Communism to set up a Fascists state • Promised to build Italy into powerful state once again • Kept political power buy deploying blackshirts • Crush political dissent, outlaw political parties Rise of Nazi Germany • War torn German economy can’t recover, especially under the pressure of war reparations • 1920’s, extremists groups promise renewed prosperity. Communist and Fascist Nazis • Adolf Hitler would arise as leader of Nazi Party- National socialist German Workers Party • First attempt to overthrow Weimar Gov’t failed- put in jail in 1922- Wrote Mein Kampfmy struggle- Blamed Jews, Communist, traitors, cowards, and German Gov’t for WWI defeat. German Army didn’t actually lose • 1933, Convinced President to make Hitler Chancellor • Gov’t building set on fire. Claimed was a communist uprising. Used as excuse to take complete power • Once in power, began a huge rearmament program and stressed Nationalism • Scapegoat philosophy- blamed all of Germany’s problems on the Jews and the signers of the Treaty of Versailles • Anti-Semitism official policy of gov’t • Kristallnacht- night of Broken Glass • http://vimeo.com/14007531 Japan Militarism • Extreme nationalist coming to power in Japan and wanted to expand the power and empire of Japan • 70 million and not much resources in Japan • When hard economic times hit, the extremist took over • In 1931, invaded rich Manchuria • U.S. and League of Nations did nothing • Rape of Nanking?? From Neutrality to War • Italy turns to Fascism to solve poverty and unemployment • In 1935 Italian Army invaded Ethiopia • League of Nations condemned actions but did nothing • Violated the Kellogg Briand Pact Civil War in Spain • 1931 Spain changed from Monarchy to Republic • General Francisco Franco leads army against the gov’t • Became world affair as many Americans and Soviets helped loyalist while Germany and Italy helped Franco • Franco- Nationalist- actually Fascists • Republican- Democracy • 1939, Franco wins and democracy is lost Germany Expands • 1935 Hitler announces they will no longer honor treaty of Versailles and they rearm • Enlarges Army, Navy, and Air force • March 1936, sent army into Rhineland, which was suppose to be demilitarized • Allies did nothing. – Why? • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. • Allies were using strategy of appeasement- give Hitler part of what he wants. Hitler would not stop • Lebensraum- living space • Hitler Annexes Austria- Anschluss- Austria did nothing to stop this • Next Hitler turned on Czechoslovakia • Three million Germans lived in Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia • British ambassador Chamberlain at Munich Conference allows this to happen- Munich Pact • “We have peace in our time” • Hitler said he would take no more Appeasement • Why did the Allies appease Hitler?? • • • • Tired of War Germany better than Soviets Are allies united? Many territories were full of Germans Section 2 From Isolation to Involvement • Obj: understand the course of the early years of WWII • Describe FDR’s foreign policy • Explain how the U.S. became more involved in the conflict • As conditions in Europe and Asia turned for the worst, the U.S. could not remain on the sidelines FDR Opposes Aggression • FDR condemned the actions of Germany, Japan, and Italy, but did nothing War Erupts in Europe • By 1938, France and Britain no longer willing to Appease Hitler • Hitler worried about Russia- signs NonAggression Pact- secretly agree to divide Poland • Hitler uses Blitzkrieg to attack Poland • Sep, 1st, 1939- by Sep 17 Poland is taken • Allies still did noting Alliances • Axis – Tripartite Pact – 1. – 2. –3 • Allies 1. – 2. –3 –4 –5 Hitler Triumphant • Hitler then opened up on all of Europe • 1940 took Denmark, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands • By the end of 1940, had defeated the French and forced the British Army from the continent at Dunkirk- Miracle of Dunkirk? • Captured Paris on June 17, 1940 and France Surrendered • Great Britain now stood alone Battle of Britain • • • • Winston Churchill- PM of Britain Operation Sea Lion- Hitler’s plan to invade GB German Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force German forces bombed major cities for a year straight- the Blitz • Could not destroy British air force- canceled invasion Hitler Invades Soviet Union • • • • Before Nazis defeat GB, invade Soviet Union Successful at first Russia huge nation and huge army Stupid idea Debating America’s role • FDR pledges U.S. would remain Neutral • Neutrality Acts-35,36,37- why?? • However we agree to supply warring nations as long as they paid in cash- Neutrality Act of 1939 • Also passed Selective Training and Service Act of 1940- first peace time draft- triples the size of the army• Defense spending from 1.8 billion to 6 billion • U.S. wants to stay out, but be prepared Arguments • Interventionists- • Isolationists- Moving Towards War • FDR- 4 freedoms • Britain running out of money • U.S. gives even more to Great Britain in the Lend-Lease Act- allowed U.S. to sell, lend, or lease war materials to allies- Arsenal of Democracy- sent 40 billion in supplies • FDR also uses American destroyers to protect British shipping against U-boats • U-boats start sinking American ships • U.S. still officially neutral • U-Boats sunk several U.S. ships • FDR give order to sink U-Boats Relations with Japan • Japan expanding empire in Pacific threatens U.S. superiority • FDR announces oil embargo against Japan • Peace talks take place, but looks like heading for war with Japan • Hideki Tojo- Japanese Military General and Prime Minister • Began a plan to knock U.S. out of Pacific Attack on Pear Harbor • Morning of December 7th 1941 U.S. became aware of impending attack by Japanese – Too Late • 353 Japanese planes struck at Pearl Harbor killing more than 2,300 Americans and destroying 18 ships and 150 aircraft • Roosevelt Asked Congress for a declaration of War next day • Rallied Americans to support war Results • • • • Could have been worse Third wave was canceled Our Carriers were not in the Harbor Only USS Arizona, USS Oklahoma, and USS Utah damaged beyond repair • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10Nsnoyf n5o Fierce Fighting in the Pacific • Japanese took the initiative • December 1941- Also take Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong from U.S. • Invades Philippines • Douglas MacArthur ordered to flee, but has to leave his troops behind • After holding out, 75,000 American and Filipinos surrender • U.S. almost entirely out of the Pacific Japan Marches on • Invades New Guinea, and prepares to invade Australia and New Guinea • Also moving into Southeast Asia, further into China, and invaded India U.S. Strike Back • Doolittle Raid- Attack on Japan • Little effect militarily, but moral booster • Battle of Coral Sea- Japan and U.S. face off in May 1942 near the Solomon Islands • Battle a draw but first time forced the Japanese to withdraw