Download Review for China Test

Review for China Test
Philosophies
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Confucianism
o Confucius during Zhou dynasty
o Mencius- Built upon Confucius principles
o All people are good—Education cultivates goodness
o Based on 5 relationships
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Ruler-Ruled
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Parent-child
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Older sibling-younger sibling
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Friend-Friend
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Husband-Wife
o Analects (and other literature)
o Benevolance (kindness is key)
o Filial Piety- Respect for parents
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Ancestral worship
o Importance of education in leadership
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Civil Service Examinations
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Memorizing texts
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3 day test
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Only Boys
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Daoism (Taoism)
o Laozi (other spellings) during the Zhou
o Upset by turmoil of the Zhou dynasty and leaves
o May be a fictional character
o Daodejing outlines Dao (The way)
o Nature takes its course
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Wu-Wei (not acting against nature)
o Opposes hierarchy of Confucianism
o More a spiritual philosophy
o Developed into a religion
o Yin-Yang
o Qi (energy)
o Arts (acupuncture acupressure feng shui)
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Legalism
o Han Feizi
o All people are bad
o Severe consequences
o Harsh government to keep people in line
o Shi Huangdi
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First Chinese emperor
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Implemented legalism
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Short-lived dynasty
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People revolted
Dynasties
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Xia 2100-1800 BCE
o Not a dynasty but a early civilization
o Bronze and stone tools
o Not know until 1959
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Shang 1650-1027
o 1st Dynasty
o Polytheism
o Oracle Bones (messages read by oracle on bones)
o Irrigation and farming
o Developed writing
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3000 symbols
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Only upper class could write
o Proficient with bronze
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Zhou 1027-221BCE
o Beginning of Mandate of Heaven
o Much the same as Shang without sacrifices
o Daoism, legalism and Confucianism developed during this time
Qin 221BCE-207BCE
o Shi Huangdi
o Established Legalist Principles
o Established Uniform weights and measure
o Beginning of great wall (forced peasant labor)
o Network of roads (forced peasant labor)
Han 202BCE-220CE
o More trade along silk road
o Confucianism
o Buddhism spreads to China
o Universities built
o Civil Service exam- merit-based leadership
o Innovations: Better calendar, seismograph, paper, sundial, water clock, ag methods, medical
methods (blood circulation)
Tang and Sung (Golden Ages) 618-1279
o More trade
o Seagoing trade
o Arts and Literature
o Invention of Printing allowing more access to books and education
Yuan (Mongol rule) 1279-1368 CE
o Kublai Khan
o Marco Polo- European explorer who reported the magnificence of China to Europe and
contributed greatly to history
o Roads to rule
o Got rid of Confucianism
o Grand canal
Ming 1368-1644CE
o Zhu Yuanzang is a peasant who revolts and expels the Mongols
o Confucianism revival
o Building of forbidden city and great wall (As we know it today)
o Naval expeditions and more contact with Europeans
o Sudden isolation
o China begins to lose ground to the advancement of the west
Qing 1644-1911CE
o Manchus take over
o (Think about the movie of Kang Xi and the forbidden city)
o Beginning of trade with Europeans (see below)
Relations with the west
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Early trade with Portuguese
o China restricts
o China belief of superiority
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Long-nose barbarian
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Kowtow
o East India Company
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Wants silk, porcelain and tea
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Trades
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Begins going broke
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Opium to China
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Opium Wars
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Treaty of Nanjing
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Extraterritoriality
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Hong Kong
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Free trade
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Compensation for opium
o Other European Powers
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Japan, France, Russia, Germany, Britain
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Spheres of influence
America
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Open Door Policy
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McKinley and Hay ask for free trade (open door notes)
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Boxer Rebellion (1901)
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Want to expel foreigners
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US and Europe put down revolt
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US keep presence in China and gain trade rights
Leading up to Communism
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1911 Ci Xi dies and China becomes a republic
o End of dynasties
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Some transitional governments
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Chiang Kai Shek—Nationalist Party
o Backed by West and Elites in China
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Mao Zedong
o Backed by Peasants (majority of Chinas population)
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Chiang Kai Shek, with the help of West drive Mao and peasants into mountains
o Long March- 6000 miles and majority dead
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1931 Japanese take Manchuria
o Need raw materials from Manchuria, rich with resources, to help drive the war machine
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1937 Japanese invade and take China
o Chinas surrender leads to many atrocities committed by the Japanese against civilians
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1945, After WWII ends, Mao and Kai-Shek join to expel the Japanese
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Mao, on October 1, 1949, establishes the Peoples Republic of China
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Peoples Republic of China
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Gives land to peasants
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Soviets support Mao
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Communist but declared “republic”
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Eventually Soviets withdraw support
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Mao starts “Great Leap Forward”
o Modernization to catch up with world
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Backyard furnaces to melt steel
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Close planting of crops
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Removal of peasants from land
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All land taken by state
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Communes of 20-40 families set up
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Roads, bridges, etc built by peasants
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Famine, starvation due to crop failure
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Not enough farmers
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Insects due to killing of sparrows
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Close planting takes all nutrients from soil
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After failure of Great Leap Forward Mao starts “Cultural Revolution”
o All old ideas gotten rid of
o Red Guard (youth groups) denounce old, artists, teachers, parents and anyone who opposes
Mao’s ideology
o Propaganda
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Posters
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Little Red Book --- “Quotes from Chairman Mao”
o Many persecuted, imprisoned and killed
o Helped to end the old feudal systems (over past thousands of years) to make way for new
o Helped to unite the country
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1976—Mao Dies
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Deng Xiaoping becomes new leader
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Reforms
o 4 Modernizations
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Modernizing Agriculture
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Building China’s defenses
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Expansion of Industry
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Focus of Science and Technology
o Increase foreign trade
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Issues
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Focused more on “light industry”
Training overseas
Responsibility System- Crops farmed for household use (subsistence) and surplus sold to
Government at a set price
Tiananmen Square Massacre
o People upset
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Not enough reforms by Deng Xiaoping—Students and intellectuals
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Too many reforms by Xiaoping—Industry workers
o Military is called in to stop protests
o 100,000+ protestors
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Hunger strikes
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Calls for reform
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Calls for talks with government
o Eventually military is called in
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Blocked by students
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Military dragging and beating students
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Shooting
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100s up to 7000 dead
One-Child Policy
o Reasons for this policy
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Mao pushing for more births and Xiaoping trying to slow them
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Overpopulation, not enough good land to support the people
o Results
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Infanticide
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Child black market
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Cruel policies of forced abortions
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Lack of help on the rural farms
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Lack of equality
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Demographic Problems
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Too many men
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Too many old people
Pollution, Taiwan Question and Media restrictions