Download What is Fascism? - History with Mr. Johnson

Rise of Fascism
Mr. Johnson
U.S. History & World History
Created by
Mr. Johnson
Objectives
N.C. Standard Course of Study
World History
• Objective 5.03 – Analyze the causes and course of World
War II and evaluate it as the end of one era and the
beginning of another
U.S. History
• Objective 10.01 – Elaborate on the causes of World War II
and reasons for United States entry into the war
Outline
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What is Fascism?
Fascist Italy
Nazi Germany
Imperial Japan
The Spanish Civil War
The Axis Powers
Key Terms
totalitarianism
fascism
anti-rationalism
Benito Mussolini/“Il Duce”
Weimar Republic
Adolf Hitler/“Der Führer”
anti-Semitism
National Socialist German Workers
Party/NSDAP/Nazis
putsch
Mein Kampf
Aryans/“Master Race”
Reichstag Fire
Schutzstaffel/SS
“Third Reich”/“Thousand Year Reich”
Heinrich Himmler/SS
Joseph Goebbles/“The Big Lie”
Leni Riefenstahl/Triumph of the Will
sakoku
Meiji Reforms
Emperor Hirohito
Manchurian Incident
“Land of the Rising Sun”
Sino-Japanese War
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Francisco Franco
Spanish Loyalists/Popular Front
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
What is Fascism?
Nuremberg Rally
Germany, 1936
Totalitarianism
• Totalitarian governments, which
emerged in the aftermath of World
War I, try to control all aspects of
their people’s lives
• Why in the 20th Century?
– Totalitarianism was made possible
largely by the technological
advances of the Industrial Revolution
• Totalitarian Forms of Government
– Communism – left-wing
totalitarianism
– Fascism – right-wing
totalitarianism
Fascism
• fasces – bundle of rods
with an ax and protruding
blade, an ancient Roman
symbol of law, order and
supreme authority
– Rods – power to punish
– Ax – power to execute
• fasciare – “to bind”
• Fascism was first
totalitarian form of
government
– Italy
– Germany
– Spain
– Japan*
Fascism in Practice
• Social Life
– The “private” is now “public” – everything from art to
family to sexuality is subject to government scrutiny
– The collective is all, the individual is nothing
– Group identity – “us vs. them” – people are glorified as
part of the master race or considered alien/subhuman
• Militarism
– Civilians are mobilized toward war effort
– Mass rallies and displays of military might
• Anti-rationalism
– Instinct over logic – “thinking with the blood”
– Jungian political & religious symbolism
Fascism in Practice
• Economy
– State directs industry and commerce (the idea of
“national socialism” in Germany)
– Labor unions are absorbed into the government
– But private property is generally left undisturbed
• Government
– Dictatorship – the state is an extension of
the ruler’s will
– One party which most are required to join
– “Struggle” – the enemy lurks within and
without
Fascist Italy
Benito Mussolini
“Il Duce”
Fascism in Italy
• Benito Mussolini –
“Il Duce” (the Leader)
• 1919 – Mussolini (Fascist Party) is
elected to Parliament
• Uses “black-shirt” bands of war
veterans to break strikes and harass
communists as Fascist Party grows
• 1922 - “March on Rome” – Italy’s king
appoints Mussolini PM as his supporters
march toward capital
• 1924-1926 – rigged elections and secret
police turn Italy into a one-party state
Mussolini’s Government
• Mussolini was popular within Italy
from the mid-1920s to mid-1930s
• Government controlled industry,
labor unions and the press
• Continued to use “black-shirts” to
maintain order and allegiance
• Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935
led to protests by the League of
Nations, but it took no action
Mussolini on Fascism
Action, Not Thought
“Fascism was not the nursling of a doctrine worked out beforehand with
detailed elaboration; it was born out of a need for action and it was itself
from the beginning practical rather than theoretical; it was not merely
another political party but… a living movement.”
War and Peace
“Fascism… believes in neither the possibility or the utility of perpetual
peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism – born of a renunciation
of the struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone
brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of
nobility upon the peoples who have the courage to meet it. All other
trials are substitutes which never really put men into the position where
they have to make the great decision – the alternative of life and death.”
Mussolini on Fascism
Socialism and Marx
“Such a conception of life makes Fascism the complete opposite of that
doctrine, the base of so-called scientific or Marxian Socialism, the
materialist conception of history. Fascism now and always believes in
holiness and in heroism, that is to say, in actions influenced by no
economic motives, direct or indirect.”
Democracy and Equality
“After Socialism, Fascism combats as well the whole complex system of
democratic ideology, and repudiates it…. Fascism denies that the
majority, by the simple fact that it is a majority, can direct human society;
it denies that numbers alone can govern by means of periodic
[elections], and it affirms the immutable, beneficial, and fruitful inequality
of mankind.”
Nazi Germany
Hitler at the Reichstag
Berlin, Germany
German “Weimar Republic”
• After Germany’s WWI surrender, a
liberal democracy was established
• However, the government was
weakened and resented because:
Inflation: Burning worthless
German marks in a furnace
– German soldiers felt that politicians had
betrayed them at the end of World War I
– The Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for
starting the war and leveled $33 billion in
reparations against Germany
– France invaded and occupied the German
industrial heartland (Ruhr occupation 1923-24)
causing (along with reparations) massive
inflation in Germany
– Army generals supported the liberal
government only in order to stave off a
communist takeover
The Rise of Adolf Hitler
• 1889 – born in Austria
• 1906 – goes to Vienna to
pursue artistic career, but is
rejected by the university as
having no talent
• 1906-1914 – absorbs the
German nationalism, antiSemitism, and anti-Marxism
prevalent in Vienna
The Rise of Adolf Hitler
• 1914–1918 – Hitler enlists in the German army as WWI
erupts; is decorated for bravery in battle; feels that
politicians had betrayed the army with the surrender in 1918
and the resulting Treaty of Versailles
The Rise of Adolf Hitler
• 1920 – Hitler joins and soon leads
the National Socialist German
Workers Party (NSDAP or
“Nazis”)
• 1923 – The “Beer Hall Putsch” - as
support for the Nazis slowly
grows, Hitler and some army
officers attempt to overthrow the
Weimar government in Munich;
Hitler is convicted of treason but
gains even more support by his
speeches at trial and the
publication of Mein Kampf (My
Struggle), written in prison
from
Mein Kampf
“Every animal mates only with
a member of the same
species. Any crossing of two
beings not at exactly the
same level produces a
medium between the level of
the two parents. This means
the offspring will probably
stand higher than the racially
lower parent, but not as high
as the higher one.
Consequently, it will later
succumb in the struggle
against the higher level…
from
Mein Kampf
“Everything we admire on
this earth today--science and
art, technology and
inventions--is only the
creative product of a few
peoples and originally
perhaps of one race. On
them depends the existence
of this whole culture. If they
perish, the beauty of this
earth will sink into the grave
with them. Those who want to
live, let them fight, and those
who do not want to fight in
this world of eternal struggle
do not deserve to live.”
The Rise of Adolf Hitler
• 1924 – 1929 – Hitler and the Nazis campaign for power but
gain little headway; Nazi Party holds only 12 seats out of 500
in the Reichstag in 1928
• 1930 – 1933 – The Great Depression hits Germany hard
because of its dependence on exports to U.S.; German
unemployment rate reaches 25%; the liberal Social Democrat
Party loses seats; Nazis gain seats
Early leaders of the Nazi Party, including Hitler
The Rise of Adolf Hitler
• 1933 – Hitler is
appointed chancellor in an effort
to moderate or discredit his
criticism of the Weimar
government; Hitler quickly
transforms German democracy
into a fascist dictatorship
– The Reichstag Fire
– Reichstag Edict – “martial law”, all
Communists and some SDs arrested
as enemies of the state
– Enabling Act – Hitler is given
“emergency powers” to
rule by decree
“Der Führer”
• 1933 – Hitler outlaws all
political parties except Nazis
• 1934 – “Night of the Long
Knives” – a purge of the
brown-shirt Nazi Storm
Troopers by the SS
(Schutzstaffel), an elite
paramilitary group loyal to
Hitler
Emblem of the elite
Schutzstaffel (SS)
“The Third Reich”
• Hitler saw himself as
returning Germany to its
historic glory; he promised
a “Thousand-Year Reich”
– “First Reich”
Holy Roman Empire
– “Second Reich”
German Empire of 1871-1918
– “Third Reich”
Nazi Germany
• Heinrich Himmler, head of
the Gestapo division
(political police) of the SS,
killed or sent to camps any
political enemies
Hitler and Himmler
Nazi Propaganda
Joseph Goebbels –
Chancellor and Hitler’s
deputy for propaganda
“The Big Lie”
“If you tell a lie big enough
and keep repeating it, people
will eventually come to believe
it. The lie can be maintained
only for such time as the State
can shield the people from the
political, economic and/or
military consequences of the
lie. It thus becomes vitally
important for the State to use
all of its powers to repress
dissent, for the truth is the
mortal enemy of the lie, and
thus by extension, the truth is
the greatest enemy of the
State.”
-Joseph Goebbles
anti-Nazi propaganda
Nazi Propaganda
Leni Riefenstahl –
propaganda filmmaker’s
Triumph of the Will (1937)
depicted the grandeur of
the Nuremburg rallies and
Nazi leaders’ speeches
Swastika & Iron Cross
• Iron Cross – traditional
military symbol of the
German Empire of 18711918
• Swastika –symbol used in
Byzantine Empire and
Buddhist and Celtic
religions; Nazis reversed its
direction and adopted it as
a symbol of the “Aryan”
race
Anti-Semitism
• 1933-1935 – Jews
are humiliated
and stripped of
jobs
• 1935-1938 –
ghettos
• 1938 –
Kristallnacht,
concentration
camps
Berlin Olympics, 1936
Imperial Japan
昭和天皇
Emperor Hirohito
End of Sakoku
• Japan had prospered economically
and culturally for two centuries under
a feudal system:
– samurai ruled, led by shogun in Edo
(Tokyo)
– emperor had little power
– sakoku – “closed country”/isolationism
• 1852-53 – American ships arrive, led
by Commodore Matthew Perry
– 1853 - Treaty of Kanagawa opens
relations with US
– 1858 – US-Japan Treaty of Amity and
Commerce (Harris Treaty), provides for
trade relations
• 1868 – Meiji Restoration – under
samurai opposition, the Tokugawa
shogunate collapses
– Political power is restored to the
Emperor (Meiji); capital moved to Tokyo
– New regime moves to Westernize/
modernize the nation
Meiji Reforms
• The Meiji Reforms rapidly Westernized
Japan
– Constitution – Emperor and Diet
(parliament), a few Japanese can vote
– Military – shift from samurai to modern
army
– Land – land is taken from feudal lords
and given to peasants
– Finance – efficient new tax system, new
currency (Yen)
– Education – thousands of Japanese
students are sent to Western universities,
a national school system with compulsory
elementary education is established
– Gov’t-sponsored industrialization –
railroads, ships, arsenals, and mining
• Japanese traditions of Shinto and
divinity of the emperor remain intact
Taisho Liberalism
Democratic Reforms (1912-1926)
• decreased importance of the emperor
• increased importance of political
parties
• Prime Ministers chosen by majority
party in the lower house of the Diet
• universal manhood suffrage
• Japan fought with the Allies in WWI
• agreed to limitations on naval
armaments
大正天皇
The Taisho Emperor Yoshihito
Japanese Fascism
Japanese Fascism (1930s)
Religion
• Emperor Hirohito – “The Emperor is a
Revealed God among men, a Deity
manifested for us.”
Militarism
昭和天皇
The Showa Emperor –
• bushido (samurai way of the warrior) and
Hachiman (Shinto deity of war) were
revered by military officers
• Military felt it should “free the emperor”
from domination by “weak politicians”
• “Japanese Monroe Doctrine” – Japan
assumes responsibility for stability of Asia
Hirohito
• Indoctrination in schools & youth
organizations
Japanese Fascism
Race
• “Land of the Rising Sun” – rightwing Japanese viewed other Asians
as inferior to the “Yamato” race of
their “sacred nation” (shinkoku)
Civil Liberties
• “Peace Preservation Department”
– secret police organization under
control of Hideki Tojo
• Government control of press
• Left-wing organizations persecuted
• Government controlled by military
factions
東條 英機
Hideki Tojo
Rising Military Influence
• Imperial expansionism, especially after
Great Depression
• Generals gain more and more control
over the rest of Japan’s government
– 1894-95 – Sino-Japanese War: Japan defeats
China in fight over Korea
• Taiwan (Formosa) ceded to Japan
• Japanese hegemony over Korea established
– 1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War
– 1910 – Annexation of Korea
– 1931 – “Manchurian Incident” – officers act
on their own their own authority and seize
resource-rich Manchuria from China;
Japanese establish puppet government
– 1933 Japan walks out of League of Nations
– 1936 – military officers rise up against Diet in
favor of more aggressive foreign policy;
rebellion is suppressed but militarists are
now fully in control of the government
板垣 征四郎
Seishiro Itagaki,
a mastermind of the
“Mukden Incident”
Japanese Imperialism
Sino-Japanese War
• China War (1937-1945)
• The beginning of WWII in
Asia, two years before Hitler’s
invasion of Poland and four
years before Pearl Harbor
• Japan quickly seizes Nanjing
(KMT capital) -“Rape of
Nanjing” and coastal China
• Japan is in a position to strike
against virtually any target in
the Pacific Ocean or east Asia
“Rape of Nanjing”
“Rape of Nanjing”
In this news article, two
Japanese officers, Mukai
Toshiaki and Noda
Takeshi, supposedly
competed to see who
could kill one hundred
Chinese first.
Headline:
"Contest to Kill First 100
Chinese with Sword
Extended When Both
Fighters Exceed Mark-Mukai Scores 106 and
Noda 105"
Spanish Civil War
Spanish Loyalist Killed in Battle
Catalonia, 1939
Spanish Civil War
Francisco
Franco;
Franco and
Mussolini
• 1931 – Republicans force
out the Spanish monarch and establish
a liberal democracy
• 1936-1939 – Fascists, led by General
Francisco Franco and aided by
Germany and Italy, attempt to take
over Spanish government
• In many ways, the Spanish Civil War
was a “rehearsal” for World War II; a
Popular Front, a broad coalition aided
by Soviets, forms to fight Franco:
– Republicans - Socialists
– Communists - Anarchists
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
• League of Nations
does nothing
• Leftist volunteers from Europe
and America join the Popular
Front
• Americans form the “Abraham
Lincoln Brigade”
• Young George Orwell joins an
anarchist militia
Loyalists Surrender
George Orwell on returning
home to England from Spain:
“This war… has left me with memories
that are mostly evil, and yet I do not wish
that I had missed it… Earthquakes in
Japan, famines in China, revolutions in
Mexico? Don’t worry, the milk will be on
the doorstep tomorrow morning, the New
Statesman will come out on Friday. Down
here it was still the England I had known
in my childhood… [The people are] all
sleeping the deep, deep sleep of
England, from which I sometimes fear that
we shall never wake till we are jerked out
of it by the roar of bombs.”
-Homage to Catalonia (1938)
Guernica (1937)
Pablo Picasso
The Axis Powers
Germany, Italy and Japan
“Pacts of Blood and Steel”
The Stage is Set…
• Rome-Berlin Axis Pact
(1936) – Italy and Germany
pledge to come to each
other’s defense
• Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
– Japan signs agreement to
aid Germany against Soviet
attack
• Spain, however, remains
neutral throughout World
War II under the leadership
of Francisco Franco
Quick Review – Rise of Fascism
Country Italy
Germany
Japan
Spain
Previous constitutional
Gov’t monarchy
Weimar
Republic
emperor &
diet
Second Spanish
Republic
Consoli- March on Rome
dation (1922)
Reichstag Fire
(1933)
Manchurian
Incident (1931)
Spanish Civil
War (1936-39)
Flag
“Us vs. Holy Roman
Them” Empire
Intimi- blackdation shirts
Leader(s) Benito
Mussolini
Aryans vs. Jews Japanese vs.
Chinese
SS
Gestapo
Peace Preservation Dept.
Adolf
Hitler
Emperor
Hirohito,
military officers
political
affiliation
Francisco
Franco
Homework Assignment
In your journal, answer the following questions with a
paragraph answer (5-8 sentences):
• What similarities can you see in each of these four countries?
• How did the Great Depression affect events in each of these
four countries? Which was hurt the worst? The least?
• Joseph Goebbles, Hitler’s chief propagandist, said that “the
truth is the greatest enemy of the State.” Explain what he
meant by this and give an example of this principle relating
to today’s world.
Sources
Text Resources
• Adler, Philip J., World Civilizations, Vol II: Since 1500 – Third
Edition. Thompson Wadsworth, 2003 (Belmont, CA). pp. 572579, 588-594
• wikipedia.org
• Orwell, George, Homage to Catalonia, ch.14
Image Resources
• wikipedia.org
Student Handouts (3)
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Spanish Loyalists/Popular Front
Francisco Franco
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Sino-Japanese War
“Land of the Rising Sun”
Manchurian Incident
Emperor Hirohito
Meiji Reforms
sakoku
Leni Riefenstahl/Triumph of the Will
Joseph Goebbles/“The Big Lie”
Heinrich Himmler
“Third Reich”/“Thousand-Year Reich”
Schutzstaffel/SS
Reichstag Fire
Aryans/“Master Race”
Mein Kampf
putsch
National Socialist German Workers
Party/NSDAP/Nazis
anti-Semitism
Adolf Hitler/“Der Führer”
Weimar Republic
Benito Mussolini/“Il Duce”
anti-rationalism
Fascist Italy
What is Fascism?
totalitarianism
fascism
Notes
Key Terms
Rise of Fascism
Imperial Japan
Nazi Germany
In your notebook, answer the following
questions with a paragraph answer
(5-8 sentences):
•
What similarities can you see in each
of these four countries?
•
How did the Great Depression affect
events in each of these four
countries? Which was hurt the worst?
The least?
•
Joseph Goebbles, Hitler’s chief
propagandist, said that “the truth is
the greatest enemy of the State.”
Explain what he meant by this and
give an example of this principle
relating to today’s world.
Assignment
Spanish Civil War
Identification Assignment
Identify the person, event or object pictured and explain its significance to the rise of fascism.
Name:
Date:
Period:
______________________
______________________
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