Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Illusion of Stability 1919-1930 World War I took its toll on many different parts of the world Parts of the colonial world were drawn into the fight simply because of their association with the colonizing nation This led to unrest against Western political domination During the war, people of the colonies were equal enough or good enough to fight and die for Britain, France, or Germany After the war, they were supposed to go back to their subordinate positions in society – life as usual They did not want to They protested Some countries gave their colonies concessions just to quiet them They gave them constitutions and some representation It only worked for awhile President Woodrow Wilson’s ideal of selfdetermination and democracy were greeted enthusiastically by those outside of the West Some were enamored with the Russian Revolution Many wished to throw off their colonizers or their absolute rulers Sun Yat-sen in China, Gandhi in India worked to do just that There were insurrections in Egypt against the British Western-educated Africans wanted representation in government The British gave a constitution to Nigeria in 1923 and to the Gold Coast in 1925, but they didn’t ask the natives for any input British also gave them more schools that taught agriculture and African languages African leaders wanted a more Western education taught The Bolsheviks in 1917 were hoping their revolution would spark other worker rebellions By 1929, there had been none There was also a split between Marxist and Leninist socialism Other political movements were attracting attention, ex.: Fascism begun by Benito Mussolini in Italy in 1919 Communism was still in power in the USSR Bolsheviks renamed themselves Communists They were a minority in the newly elected assembly, so the Communists broke up the assembly using force in January of 1918 They slowly established themselves as the Power It took 4 years of civil war to establish this power White Army vs. Red Army In 1922, Russia changed its name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – USSR There were no real republics There was one centralized government located in Moscow During these early years and still hoping for communist revolutions worldwide, the Soviets began “Communist International” or the Comintern in March 1919 Not successful They tried to incite rebellion anywhere they could They did form communist parties in some countries There were bigger problems, however There were disagreements between Socialists and Communists in many areas of Europe that weakened both Lenin was succeeded by Joseph Stalin, a brutal leader Joseph Stalin killed more of his own people than Hitler killed Jews Communism is no longer in power in Russia as of 1991 Totalitarianism – total control ◦ Single party system ◦ Revolutionary ideology ◦ Total control of government ◦ Dictatorial leader ◦ Wants active support from masses ◦ No opposition is tolerated To get control, it uses: propaganda force terror technology organization modern communication ◦ Wishes to control: Economy Religion Cultural life Society They hate: liberal ideologies limited government individual rights & freedoms Fascism is a form of totalitarianism ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Wants total control, in your face control Anti-liberal Anti-democratic Anti-individualistic Anti-communist Ultra nationalistic Militaristic Mussolini began Fascism in Italy in 1919. Nazism is a form of totalitarianism and fascism. It took over government in Germany in the 1930s. Authoritarianism ◦ Less ideological than fascism ◦ Did not try to control all aspects of life ◦ Primarily a dictatorship backed by military conservatives ◦ Most concerned with keeping order and protecting the status quo ◦ Against: liberal democracies, socialism, and communism After World War I, Italy was battered and humiliated Italy’s army was proved ineffective It had been given the adjacent Italian-speaking areas of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, but wanted more Its economy was weak Its national debt was huge The treasury was empty There were many workers on strike Marxism was beginning to get popular There was inflation Italy needed strong leadership and a strong government Into this walked Benito Mussolini ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Son of a blacksmith Journalist Nationalist – later a violent nationalist Pacifist socialist Organizer and leader After World War I, he began organizing unemployed veterans into a political action group with a socialistic and extremely nationalistic program Labor disturbances in Italy increased 19191921 When the radical workers looked like they were losing, Mussolini and his black-shirted terror squads stepped in to restore order By doing this, he gained the support of the frightened: the capitalists and thelanded aristocracy He was saving them from Communism In 1922 the weak king of Italy, King Victor Emmanuel III, named Mussolini Premier He chose Mussolini because he thought Mussolini was the lesser of the other evils Between 1924 and 1926, Mussolini made himself dictator ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ All opposition was silenced Only one political party allowed Press and schools were used as propaganda tools Secret police Mussolini had control of economic life in his Corporate System ◦ Unions were abolished, except those controlled by the fascists ◦ Planned economy that was to modernize, coordinate, and increase Italy’s industrial and agricultural output Mussolini did balance the budget. Italy had the highest taxes in the world Although Fascism ran the economy, it remained primarily an ultra-nationalistic system ◦ Not an anti-Semitic police state ◦ But was a disciplined police state It concentrated on building a powerful army and navy to recapture Italy’s lost prestige However, in 1935 it still needed Germany’s help to take over Ethiopia After World War I, Germany was defeated and humiliated It had been forced to sign a stringent peace treaty It set up a liberal democracy in 1919, but they were inexperienced with this type of government They had difficulty handling all of Germany’s problems after World War I ◦ There were competing parties & little cooperation ◦ There was high inflation and a paralyzed economy Germany was unable to make the first reparations payment Through a deal with the U.S. in the form of loans, Germany made its subsequent payments In August of 1923, Gustav Stresemann became the German head of government Through his efforts and loans from the U.S., the German economy began to recover In 1925, he signed the Treaty of Locarno with former enemies France Great Britain, Italy, and Belgium guaranteeing the existing borders between Germany, France, and Belgium In 1926, Germany was admitted into the League of Nations and Stresemann became its leader Those in Germany who didn’t appreciate Stresemann’s efforts to settle things with former enemies peacefully began moving towards extremists in society One of these was Adolf Hitler, head of the National Socialists Son of an Austrian customs official Artistic temperament Left for Vienna as a teen to get into art school He was denied entry; not enough formal training Lived in Vienna, mostly in poverty There he learned of German master race theory and anti-Semitism ◦ Joined German army in World War I and rose to the rank of corporal ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ After World war I, he frequented beer halls and eventually began organizing the unemployed veterans, the frustrated, and the disenchanted that he found there ◦ He organized them into the National Socialist Party or Nazi Party ◦ Hermann Goering was second in command ◦ Rudolf Hess was head of the political section ◦ Paul Joseph Goebbels was the chief Nazi propagandist In 1923, Hitler tried to take over the government of Bavaria in the Beer Hall Putsch ◦ It failed ◦ He was jailed for less than a year ◦ While in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf that became the Nazi Bible It was the German variety of Fascism The book laid out Hitler’s plan for taking over Europe It was poorly written People who read it thought he was crazy ( a good argument for trusting your first instincts) Hitler’s philosophy was based on the belief of a German Master Race ◦ They represented the pure Nordic race ◦ They were superior to all others ◦ Germans were destined to conquer and rule all other peoples ◦ Its virtues were militarism, indomitable will, pride, aggressiveness, and brute strength ◦ Its vices were gentleness, peacefulness, tolerance, pity, and modesty Foreign Affairs Policy Repudiate the Treaty of Versailles All-out rearmament Recovery of lost territories Annex all neighboring German-speaking territories like Austria, the Netherlands, and Switzerland ◦ Acquire more living space – eventually taking over the Soviet Union and enslaving them ◦ Ultimate Goal: World Domination ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Domestic Policy was vague and contradictory ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Stores were to be nationalized Communism destroyed Labor unions controlled Persecute Jews Legal discrimination Economic exploitation Violence Extermination National Socialists grew slowly and steadily appealing to displaced veterans, youths, and those who felt insecure and threatened by change The Nazis promised a lot and seemed to have a clear cause and direction They offered simple solutions to difficult problems When Germany was led by Stresemann, Nazi membership grew from 27,000 in 1925 to 178,000 in 1929 It increased even more with the Great Depression in 1929 Nazi seats in Reichstag grew from 12 to 107 by 1930 In 1932, Nazi seats increased to 203 Nazis ha more seats than any other party although it was no majority There were 608 seats in the Reichstag in total As the Depression deepened, President Paul von Hindenburg began ruling through emergency powers, challenged by the problems his country faced and challenged by Adolf Hitler In 1933, von Hindenburg offered Hitler the Chancellorship of Germany and Hitler accepted & industrialists backed him Nazis used great skill and propaganda in moving the country towards dictatorship which Hitler soon claimed after the death of von Hindenburg Hitler adjourned the Reichstag All political parties were disbanded except for the Nazi Party Freedom of speech, press, and assembly were abolished The Gestapo, secret police, was established under Heinrich Himmler to spy and destroy opposition Jews were subjected to every humiliation: driven out of public and professional life; then 6 million exterminated Nazi activities were to mold and control thought Goebbels, the propaganda minister: ◦ used the press and radio for his releases ◦ made it a crime to read foreign newspapers or listen to foreign radio ◦ Waged a hate campaign against democracies Unsympathetic teachers were dismissed and punished Nazi Youth organizations spied on parents and teachers Textbooks were rewritten The sole function of education was to create more Nazis The arts were “Nazified”; only party members or sympathizers could publish, exhibit, or perform Nazis took over the Lutheran Church and made it the state church Nazis had a rough relationship with Catholics 1933 – Hitler removed Germany from the League of Nations and from disarmament talks 1935 – Hitler began rearming Germany 1936 – Hitler re-militarized the Rhineland and gave aid to the Spanish Fascist Francisco Franco 1937 – Germany in an alliance with Japan and Italy called the Tri-Partite Pact They were in Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Austria in Eastern and Southeastern Europe Czechoslovakia remained free until 1938 when Hitler began to take it over In Western Europe, authoritarian governments were in Portugal and Spain All these authoritarian regimes stressed militarism and nationalism Three different groups tried to get power in Japan in the 1920s #1 – Great Industrialists ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 5 families Known as Zaibatsu Had stranglehold on economy & politics Didn’t want Japan to be democratic because they’d lose power #2 – The Liberals ◦ University professors and students ◦ They wanted to broaden suffrage unionize labor Diminish the power of the military They did so in 1925. #3 – Military ◦ Schemed to get back their lost power ◦ Attacked Manchuria, China in 1931, then Shanghai in 1932 ◦ War fever and patriotism swept through Japan ◦ Government officials were assassinated ◦ Liberal university professors were accused of disloyalty and were silenced, dismissed, or imprisoned ◦ Schools and press were used as propaganda tools ◦ Democratic government and civil rights were destroyed ◦ Military and State police were given unlimited authority ◦ 1937 – Japan joined with Germany and Italy in an alliance, the Tri-Partite Pact Work ◦ Industry needed workers ◦ There was also labor unrest ◦ Workers wanted a different relationship with authority ◦ Businessmen wanted efficiency in production ◦ Henry Ford said that in exchange for workers doing repetitive tasks, he would pay them well, so they could buy a car if they wanted Women’s Suffrage was granted in the U.S., Britain, Germany, and in much of Europe in part because of their efforts during World War I There was a more open and tolerant attitude towards sexuality ◦ Birth control was more accessible because of the efforts of Margaret Sanger ◦ More open talk about sexuality There were new electrical gadgets : radios, phonographs, cars, fans, toasters, and artificial silk Vacations, Soccer, Beach, Baseball, Football Movies were silent at first Airplane: Charles Lindbergh New cultural tradition: there were more women writers like Virginia Woolf Surrealist Movement in literature and in art ◦ Begun by Andre Breton ◦ Surrealists believed in expressing the unconscious mind that gave a deeper truth Bauhaus was a German school of architecture. It was industrial, efficient, and modern. It was architecture for the masses. They adopted contemporary materials. Page 908, picture