Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Topic 1 –MINERALS – p. 354 Term Text Book Definition Definition in
Transcript
Topic 1 –MINERALS – p. 354 Term Text Book Definition Crust The thin outermost layer p. 354 of Earth Element p. 354 A pure substance Crystals p. 355 The building blocks of minerals, they come in many different shapes Lustre p. 356 The shininess of a mineral; how much light a mineral reflects. Mohs Hardness Scale p. 355 A scale of hardness determined by the scratchability of a mineral Streak p. 357 The powdered form of a mineral; most often demonstrated by making a line on a porcelain tile Cleavage p. 357 The property of minerals splitting or breaking along a long smooth surface, or plane, Fracture p. 357 The property of minerals breaking with rough jagged edges Definition in my own words Picture or Example Term Igneous Rock p. 361 Topic 2 – ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE – p. 361 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words Picture or Example Rock formed when hot magma or lava cools and hardens Magma p.361 Melted rock found below the Earth’s surface Intrusive rock p. 361 Rock created when magma cools inside the earth Lava p. 361 Magma that has come above the Earth’s surface, most often in a volcanic eruption Extrusive Rock p. 361 Rock formed by lava that cools on the Earth’s exterior – or outside Sedimentary Rock p. 364 Rock that is formed by settled sediment that, over time, hardens Sediment (sedimentation is the build-up of sediment) p. 364 Strata (stratification: formation of strata) p. 364 Compaction p. 364 Loose material in the environment such as rock bits, dust and organic remains Visible layers of sediment that are formed over time; different layers of sedimentary rock show up in different colours The process of layers squeezing and compacting lower layers of sediment into rock Cementation p. 365 Metamorphic Rock p. 366 The process of dissolved minerals and moisture, sticking larger pieces of sediment together; like cement Metamorphic rock is rock that has changed into a new form because of pressure and/or heat Parent Rock p. 366 Original rock that is changed into metamorphic rock The Rock Cycle p. 368 The continuous changing of rock forms because of weathering & erosion; heat & pressure; melting & cooling; and compaction & cementation Decaying plant matter Compost p. 371 Humus p. 371 Dark, mineral and nutrient rich soil Fertile p. 371 In soil: able to supply nutrients needed for plant growth Soil Profile p. 372 A breakdown of the layers and content in soil Topsoil p. 372 The top layer of soil made up of humus and small grains of rock Leaching p. 372 Term Erosion p. 373 A process in which water moving through rich soil, removes nutrients and minerals; can make soil infertile Topic 3 – EROSION – p. 373 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words The movement of rock and mineral grains from one place to another Weathering p. 373 The gradual breakdown or wearing-away of rocks; this process creates sediment Mechanical Weathering p. 373 The physical break-up, or disintegration, of rocks – rubbing, bumping, hitting, crashing, cracking Frost Wedging p. 373 The process of water seeping into cracks in rocks, freezing and expanding, causing the cracks to grow The breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions; sometimes dissolving the material Chemical Weathering p. 374 Biological Weathering p.374 Term Mantle p. 382 Continental Drift p. 384 Pangaea p. 385 Picture or Example Physical or chemical breakdowns caused by living organisms including plants, animals, bacteria and fungi Topic 4 – THE MOVING CRUST – p. 382 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words Picture or Example Rock material below the Earth’s surface; Upper is solid, lower is partly melted The gradual process of the continents moving apart to where they now are; from one piece to many The giant super-continent formed by all of the continents before continental drift Sonar p. 387 Sound wave technology that tells a distance to an object by how fast the sound travels Plates p. 390 Pieces that the Earth’s is broken up into Theory of Plate Tectonics p. 390 The theory that the Earth’s plates are always moving and shifting Converging Plates p. 390 Tectonic plates that are moving toward each other – coming together Diverging Plates p. 390 Tectonic plates that are moving apart – Dividing away Convection Current p. 392 The flow of warmed fluids rising and sinking as they cool Subduction Zone p. 393 The point where Term Seismograph p. 396 Topic 5 – EARTHQUAKES – p. 395 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words An instrument that measures the strength of an earthquake Picture or Example Bedrock p. 396 Solid rock that is below the soil and loose rock Richter Scale p. 396 Primary Waves (P Waves) p. 398 The method of measurement used to describe the magnitude/strength of an earthquake The first set of waves, or movement, caused by an earthquake. These can travel through liquid Secondary Waves (S Waves) p. 398 The second set of waves, or movement, caused by an earthquake. They can only pass through solids Surface Waves p. 398 The slowest waves of movement caused by an earthquake, but they cause the most damage. They only travel along the Earth’s crust. The starting point of an earthquake, deep within the Earth’s surface Focus p. 399 Epicenter p. 399 The point on the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake Fault p. 403 A crack in the earth’s surface Normal Fault p. 403 A fault moved by tension forces pulling the plates apart, the crust above the fault will fall Reverse fault p. 403 A fault moved by compression, pushing plates together, the crust below the fault pushes up Strike-slip or Transform Fault p. 403 A fault moved by shear forces as tectonic plates move past each other Term Vents p. 406 Topic 6 – VOLCANOES – p. 406 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words The opening through which a volcano erupts Dormant p. 406 Inactive, volcanoes that are not erupting Ring of Fire p. 410 A ring of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, mostly in subduction Zones Term Anticline p. 413 Topic 7 – MOUNTAINS – p. 412 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words The upper fold in the rock that forms mountains Syncline p. 413 The bottom fold in the rock that forms mountains, at the bottom of the valley Thrust Faulting p. 413 The process of sedimentary rock, being squeezed from the sides, forming slabs that move up and over each other like layered shingles Picture or Example Picture or Example Fault block mountains p. 413 Mountains that are formed by thrust faulting Complex mountains p. 414 Mountains formed by a combination of folding and faulting Original Remains p. 419 Topic 8 – FOSSILS – p. 418 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words A rock-like substance formed when water penetrated dead organic matter, and deposits dissolved mineral matter A type of fossil found in sedimentary rock when organic material if compressed, leaving a thin carbon film An actual organism that has been preserved as a fossil Trace Fossils p. 419 Evidence of animal activity that have been fossilized Mould p. 420 A type of fossil in which the hard parts of an organism have dissolved, leaving a cavity in the rock Cast p. 420 A type of fossil in which sediments or minerals have filled a mould and hardened into rock Term Petrified p. 418 Carbonaceous film p. 418 Term Principle of Superposition p. 423 Relative Dating p. 423 Topic 9 – Geologic Time – p. 423 Text Book Definition Definition in my own words A geological theory – it states that in undisturbed rock, the lower the layers of rock, the older the rock The age of rocks is determined by relating the fossil age to the layer of rock it is found in Picture or Example Picture or Example Index fossil p. 423 A fossil used to determine the relative age of the layer Half-life p. 424 Eons p. 425 The amount of time that a given amount of a radioactive substance takes to be reduced by one half The process of determining the age of a geological specimen by measuring the relative amounts of radioactive particles that are present in the sample A method used to determine the age of organic remains by measuring the relative amount of radioactive carbon found in the remain The largest division of time on a time-scale Eras p. 425 Four divisions of the geologic time scale Periods p. 425 A breakdown of the eras on the geologic time scale, there are eleven in total Radiometric Dating p. 424 Radiocarbon Dating p. 424
