Download Chapter 1 Introduction to Operating System Part 1

Chapter 1
Introduction to Operating System
Part 1
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Chapter Summary
 At the end of this chapter, student will be able to:
1) Define operating system
2) List the use of operating system in computer
system
3) List the evolution of operating system
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Introduction to Operating System (OS)
 Software program that controls the hardware.
 Definition of an operating system can be seen in four
aspects:
1) A group of program that acts as an intermediary between a
user and the computer hardware.
2) Controls and co-ordinates the use of computer resources
among various application programs and user.
3) Acts as a manager
4) Allow the program to communicate with one another
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Introduction to Operating System (OS)
 Basically, two types of software available:
1) System software
- Groups of program that control the hardware
2) Application software
- Groups of programs that used by the end-user for various
applications such as text processing, spreadsheet, etc
 OS categorized as system software
- Build to act as an intermediary between user of a
computer and computer hardware
- Goal: Provide convenient and efficient environment for the
user
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Introduction to Operating System (OS)
User1
User2
User3
System and application programs
Operating system
Hardware
Figure 1: Abstract view of the components of a computer
system
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Introduction to Operating System (OS)
Functions:
1) Resource Sharing
- The OS contains a set of algorithms that allocates resources
to the programs executed on behalf of the user.
- These resources include time, power, hardware, etc...
2) Control Program
- The control program controls the operation of the application
programs to prevent errors affecting other programs.
3) Provision of a Virtual Machine
-This hides interfaces to I/O devices, filing systems, etc, and
provides a programming interface for applications.
4) Kernel
-The kernel is the only program resident all the time (all other
applications are application programs).
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F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Introduction to Operating System (OS)
OS has three objectives:
1) Convenience
- An OS make a computer more convenient to be used
2) Efficiency
- An OS allows the computer system resources to be used in
an efficient manner
3) Ability to evolve
- An OS is constructed in such a way to as to permit the
effective development, testing and introduction of new
system function without at the same time interfering with
service.
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F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
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Operating systems have been evolving through the years.
The first true digital computer was designed by the English
mathematician Charles Babbage (1792-1871).
Babbage spent most of his life and fortune trying to built
his “analytical engine” but he never got it working properly.
It was a purely mechanical design and the technology of his
day could not produce the wheels, gears, cogs and other
mechanical parts to the high precision that he needed
Needless to say, the analytical engine did not have an
operating system.
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards
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Mid-1940s - Howard Aiken (Harvard), John von Neumann
(Princeton) , J. Presper Eckert and William Mauchley
(Pennsylvania), and Konard Zuse (Germany), among other,
all succeeded in building calculating engines using vacuum
tubes.
Machines were enormous, filling up entire rooms with tens
of thousands of vacuum tubes, but were much slower than
even the cheapest home computer available to day.
All programming was done in absolute machine language,
often by wiring up plug boards to control the machine’s
basic functions.
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards
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Early 1950- Routine had improved somewhat with the
introduction of punched cards.
- It was now possible to write programs on cards and read
them in, instead of using plug boards
-Otherwise the procedure was the same.
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
Second Generation (1955-1965): Transistors and Batch Systems
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Introduction of the transistor in the mid-1950s changed the
picture radically.
Computers became reliable enough that they could be
manufactured and sold to paying customer with the
expectation that they would continue to function long enough
to get some useful work done.
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
How computer work during the second generation?
1st Step:
To run job (example: program),
programmer punch it on cards.
2nd Step:
Programmer bring the cards to input
room, hand it to operators.
3rd Step:
Operator feed the card to computer. When
the computer finished processing the job,
operator would tear the output from printer
and carried it to output room.
Programmer would collect the output later.
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Disadvantages:
Wasting of time
Solution: Batch
System
History of Operating System (OS)
How computer work during the second generation using batch
system?
1) Collect tray full of jobs in input room.
2) Read them onto magnetic tape using small inexpensive
computer (ex: IBM 1401)
3) After collecting batch of job, tape rewound , brought into
machine room and mounted on tape drive.
4) Operator load special program (ancestor of today OS) which
read first job from tape and run it. Output is written into
second tape.
5) System automatically read the next job from tape and run it
until the whole batch is processed and run.
6) Operator remove input and output tape and brought them
to small computer (ex:IBM 1401) for printing.
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
Third Generation (1955-1965): ICs and Multiprogramming
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Early 1960 – Most manufacturer had two distinct, totally
incompatible, produce lines.
1) Word Oriented
- large scale scientific computer, example: IBM 7094
2) Character Oriented
- commercial computer, example: IBM 1401
IBM 360 – first major computer line to use small scale
integrated circuit (IC)
- major price/ performance advantage over second
generation machine
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
Third Generation (1955-1965): ICs and Multiprogramming
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IBM 7094 – used a technique called multiprogramming.
- Ability to process the next before the first job is finished.
Spooling (Simultaneous peripheral operation on line)
- Ability to read jobs from cards onto disk
- Whenever a running job is finished, OS could load a new job
from disk into the now empty partition and run it
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
Fourth Generation (1980-1990): personal computers
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The development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits
introduce the use of personal computer
- chips containing thousands of transistors on a square
centimetre of silicon
Powerful personal computer use by business, universities
and government are usually called workstations
1980’s – Growth of personal computer running network OS
and distributed OS.
Network OS – User can log in into remote machine and copy
file from one machine to another
- Each machine run it own local OS and has it own user
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
History of Operating System (OS)
Fourth Generation (1980-1990): personal computers
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Distributed OS
- Appears to its users as a traditional unit processor system,
actually composed of multiple processor system
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System
Activity
List four functions of operating system.
2) What is the main technology evolved during the second
generation (1955-1965)?
3) What is the main difference between the computer process
using batch system and without a batch system during the
second generation?
1)
F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System