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Transcript
THE POST-WAR WORLD & THE COLD WAR 1945-1991 Main theme: The Cold War - the struggle for ideological, economic & military global supremacy between the USA & her allies (capitalism), & the USSR & her allies (communism). Main weapons used: propaganda, diplomatic manoeuvring, regional conflicts. Main event: Gorbachev? 1945: 1). Germany zoned between 4 allies - Berlin, in the eastern (Soviet) zone, jointly occupied by the 4 powers. 2). Prologue to Soviet sphere of influence in eastern Europe & US sphere of influence in western Europe. 3). “The Superpowers” about to emerge. 4). UN proclaimed. 5). Beginning of the end of British Empire. 1946: Churchill's “Iron Curtain” speech. 1947: 1). Marshall Plan - US aid to Europe $13b. 2). Truman Doctrine - became basis for future US foreign policy. 1948: 1). Berlin blockade & airlift - blockade a Soviet response to allied plans for a W. German state. 2). Yugoslavia (under Tito) splits from Moscow. 3). Most of eastern Europe under Soviet sphere of influence (satellites). 1949: 1). NATO proclaimed. 2). Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany) & GDR proclaimed. Berlin also divided. 3). USSR develops atomic bomb - “balance of terror”. 4). People's Republic of (communist) China proclaimed under Mao. 1950: 1). Korean War - nearly ‘goes nuclear’. 1953 armistice resolves nothing. 2). early 50's - McCarthyism: Cold War comes to mainland USA. 3). 1950's - arms race & the policy of “nuclear deterrence”. 1953: Stalin dies, eventually succeeded by Krushchev c.1956. 1954: 1). French defeated in Vietnam. Foreign policy dilemma for US - to support colonialism or defeat communism ? 2). Puppet state established in South Vietnam. The “domino theory”. 1955: 1). US Civil Rights Movement begins. 2). Warsaw Pact proclaimed (for what purpose?). 3). Bandung Conference - origin of NAM 1956: 1). Polish riots (‘bread & liberty’) resulting in Soviet led minor reforms. 2). Suez fiasco - end of Britain as a major world power. 3). Khrushchev's (USSR) policy of “peaceful coexistance” with the West--> a thaw. 4). Hungarian Uprising crushed by Soviet troops. 5). A Sino-Soviet split. 1957: USSR launches Sputnik, thus demonstrating a capability to hit the USA with ICBM's. Start of “the space race”. 1958: European Economic Community (EEC) proclaimed. Now referred to as the EU. 1959 1). Revolution in Cuba (90 miles off the US mainland), led by Castro. 2). Khrushchev visits USA. 1960: 1). U2 incident - propaganda coup (victory) for USSR. Wrecked the US/Soviet summit. 2). Pravda (Soviet newspaper) openly criticises the PRC 1961: 1). Bay of Pigs fiasco. 2). Berlin Wall - a physical expression of East-West divisions. 1962: 1). Cuban Missile Crisis - propaganda victory for new US president Kennedy. 2). Increasing US involvement in Vietnam conflict---> '73 ceasefire & '75 collapse of pro-western South Vietnamese gov't. 1963: 1). Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed by US/USSR/UK (but not by France & China). Eased tensions. 2). JFK's “Ich bin ein Berliner” (I am a doughnut) speech, clearly demonstrating Berlin's central role & US resolve to defend Western interests. 1965: US involvement in Vietnam War intensifies. 1968: 1). “Prague Spring” - liberal reforms in Czechoslovakia crushed by Soviet intervention. 2). NPT signed. 1969: 1). Willy Brandt (FRG) launches “Ostpolitik”, recognizing the integrity of the GDR. A gesture of rapprochement initially criticized by the West, but can be analyzed as part of a long-term reconciliation process. 2). Sino-Soviet border clashes 1970: Beginning of period of “détente” (= a relaxing of tensions). Various confidence building measures proposed to ease tension & promote understanding between east & west. 1972: 1). SALT agreement US/USSR. Part of détente. 2). US president Nixon visits China, UN memberbership 1971. 1975: 35 nations (including US/USSR) sign Helsinki Accords to, inter alia, “respect human rights” & “guarantee European borders”. Part of détente & can be considered the WWII peace treaty. 1980: Emergence of independent trade union Solidarity in Gdansk (Danzig), Poland. Led by Lech Walesa. Reagan (US) & Thatcher (UK), traditionally anti-union, voice support for Solidarity. 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of USSR. Introduces policies of i). perestroika (restructuring) & ii). glasnost (openess). 1989: 1). Gorbachev allows entire eastern (European) bloc to break from Soviet influence. Process of establishing liberal democracies in E. Europe begins. 2). Berlin Wall comes down - free movement between East & West. 3). German re-unification talks begin. 4). Warsaw Pact crumbles. 5). "Pro-democracy" movement in China crushed by Chinese gov't. 1990: 1). European talks on “the German Question” & NATO's future role. 2). W. German DM becomes the single currency for E/W Germany. 3). Reunification of Germany. 1991: 1). Gulf War (Desert Storm) - multinational coalition forces led by US defeat Iraq. First post-Cold War international armed conflict. 2). Failed military coup against Gorbachev. 3). Collapse of USSR. End of Cold War?