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Imperialism 7.1 Age of Imperialism Late 1800s European nations enlarging their empires around the world. Political control, and economic benefits Many in US believe that in order to stay competitive, the US needs to do the same Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19th century? 1. Commercial Interests US foreign investments 1869-1908 2. Military Interests 3. Social Darwinist Thinking The Hierarchy of Race The White Man’s Burden 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905 5. Closing of the American Frontier America Becoming a World Power Japan had not traded with a Western power for 250 years, but had great coal deposits. Open Door Policy: Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Tokyo and “opened” or negotiated trade. The growth of Asian markets stimulated the U.S. economy. 1867 – U.S. seized the uninhabited Midway Islands in the Pacific (strategic for trade with China & Japan) 1867 – U.S. buys Alaska from Russia By 1872, gold, copper, and oil are discovered in Alaska. 1898 – Hawaii annexed by the US 1902 – US purchases Panama Canal Origins of the Spanish-American War Cuba had struggled for 30 years over independence from Spain. 1895 – Cuban rebels launched a fight for independence. Spanish retaliated by placing them in concentration camps. 1896 – McKinley elected President; openly supports Cuban independence. Origins of the Spanish-American War Many Americans sympathetic to Cuba, seeing their revolution like ours. This creates tension with Spain. Warship U.S.S. Maine sent to Havana to protect Americans in Cuba February 15, 1898 U.S.S. Maine explodes Many Americans blame Spain, but we still don’t know for sure what happened The War April 11, 1898 – Congress declares Cuba’s independence April 24, 1898 – Spain declares war on US April 25, 1898 – US declares war on Spain Fighting in Cuba and the Philippines (a Spanish territory) US wins in about four months Teddy Roosevelt becomes famous for fighting bravely in Cuba leading his troop called the “Rough Riders” “Remember the Main, and to Hell with Spain!” Funeral for Main victims in Havana End of the War After the U.S. wins, Spain signs an armistice (cease-fire). In October, both countries signed the Paris Peace Treaty Spain granted Independence to Cuba. Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million. Philippines part of US until 1946 Puerto Rico and Guam are still U.S. territories. Annexation of Hawaii, 1900 • Sugar trade significance • overthrow of the monarchy of Queen Liliuokalani • US businessmen influence (i.e. Sanford Dole) • immigration for labor • annexation by McKinley’s joint resolution • statehood, 1959 War and Annexation of Philippines 1899-1902 • Treaty of Paris transfers sovereignty from Spain to the USA • Filipino troops control entire archipelago, except Manila • a few brief years of guerilla fighting between troops • Filipino rebels continue to fight after war ends American Sphere of Influence Expanding The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1904 “Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power” – Teddy Roosevelt to Congress at the State of the Union Address The Outcome U.S. is now a major player in world affairs U.S. can create military bases around the world Imperialists happy: U.S. can gain access to foreign markets. Places to sell American goods and make money. Anti-Imperialists upset. Felt that imperialism rejected the American ideal of “liberty for all”