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JRE300: Fundamentals of Accounting and Finance
SOLUTIONS
MIDTERM EXAMINATION (30% of Final Grade): Fall 2011
Time Allowed: 110 minutes
FIRST NAME _______________________________________
LAST NAME ________________________________________
STUDENT NUMBER:__________________________________
Instructions:
1) Write all of your answers on the examination paper. If you need additional space, use the
back of the page facing the question and clearly identify the question being answered.
2) This is a closed book exam. One single-sided 8.5'x11'aid sheet containing formulas/notes is
permitted. Non-programmable calculators are permitted.
3) Pencil or pen may be used. However, papers written in pencil or papers with white outs will
not be re-marked.
Please remain in your seats during the last 15 minutes of the exam period so you do
not disturb others.
Question
Marks
1
10
2
15
3
35
4
18
5
15
6
7
Total
100
Marks Awarded
Question 1 (10 marks)
a) (5 marks) Using the table below, classify the following items as Assets, Liabilities or
Shareholders' Equity: Common Shares $10 million; Accounts Receivable $2 million;
Unearned Revenue $5 million; Goodwill $4 million; Income Tax Payable $6 million;
Investments $1 million; Bank Advances $15 million; Preferred Shares $40 million;
Retained Earnings $3 million; Property Plant & Equipment $7 million
Y&Co. Consolidated Balance Sheet - 2010
Assets
Accounts Receivable
Goodwill
Investments
Property/Plant/Equipment
$2,000,000
$4,000,000
$1,000,000
$7,000,000
Liabilities
Unearned Revenue
Income Tax Payable
Bank Advances
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
$15,000,000
Shareholders' Equity
Common Shares
Preferred Shares
Retained Earnings
$10,000,000
$40,000,000
$ 3,000,000
b) (3 marks) Assume the Total Assets of the company equal $23 million. Using the
information provided in part a), what are the Total Liabilities of Y&CO?
Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Shareholders' Equity
$23,000,000 = <?> + $53,000,000 (Common Shares + Pref Shares+ R/E)
Total Liabilities = - $30 million
c) (2 marks) What would you expect to find under Long Term Investments for Y&CO?
investments in stock (other companies)
bonds or short term debt instruments like t-bills 1 (any one of the 2)
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Question 2 (15 marks)
a) (5 marks) Using the information provided for Ford Motor Company, conduct a vertical analysis
of the company's Cost of Sales and Selling, administrative & Other Expenses using Sales as the
base amount for 2009 and 2010.
2010
2009
104,451/119,280 = 88%
98,866/103,868 = 95%
9,040/119,280 = 7.57%
8,354/103,868 = 8%
(5 marks) Using the information provided for Daimler, conduct a vertical analysis of the company's
Costs of Sales and Selling, General & Administrative Expenses using Revenue as the base amount for
2009 and 2010.
2010
2009
63,912/84,973=75%
54,268/66,928 = 81%
8,517+2,951/84,793 = 13%
7,303+2,838/66,928 =15%
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Question 2 (15 marks)
b) (5 marks) Comparing your results from part a) and part b), what can you conclude regarding
expense management at Ford versus Daimler? Please do not exceed 4-5 lines in your answer!
Daimler appears better at controlling the costs of making their autos but the vertical
analysis of the S, G &A expenses indicates that they spend more (relative to their sales) on
staff or advertising than does Ford. It is logical as they make primarily luxury cars.
Question 3 (35 marks)
Appendix 1 contains the 2007 Balance Sheet, Income Statement and Statement of Cash Flows for
General Motors Corporation. Please fill out the table below using the financial statements provided.
Please note that you can detach (“rip out”) Appendix 1 for easier analysis.
a) (24 marks) Calculate the following ratios for 2007:
From the Selected General Motors Financial Statements
2007
2006
Debt to Total Assets = Total Liabilities/Total Assets
184,363/148,883=1.24x
$190,766/186,304=1.024x
Times Interest Earned = EBIT/Interest Expense
-4,390 from (181,122-185,512)/2,902=-1.512x
-5,823 from (171,179-211,424)/2,642=-2.204x
Cash to Total Debt Coverage= Cash provided by
Operating Activities/Average Total Liabilities
7,507/(184,363+190,766/2) = 0.040 or 4.0%
-12,350/190,766=-0.064 or -6.4%
Cash to Total Debt Coverage: Cash provided by
Operating Activities/Average Current Liabilities
7,507/(70,308+66,717/2)= 0.1095or 10.95%
-12,350/66,717= -0.185 or -18.5%
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Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
60,135-70,308= - $10,173
5,156-66,717 = -1,561
Current Ratio= Current Assets/Current Liabilities
60,135/70,308=0.86x
65,156/66,717=0.98x
b) (5 marks) Using the ratios calculated in part a) comment on General Motors' liquidity in 2007 as
compared to 2006. Please identify the ratios that you are using as a reference. Do not exceed 45 sentences in your answer!
Cash to Total Debt Coverage using Current Liabilities Measures short-term debt paying ability
(cash basis): negative in 2006 and low for 2007
Working Capital: Measures short-term debt paying ability (since current assets include cash,
accounts receivable and inventory) - higher is better - negative both years
Current Ratio: Measures short-term debt paying ability. This ratio gives a sense of the efficiency
of a company's operating cycle or its ability to turn its product into cash. A ratio less than 1 is
not a sign of good financial health - GM had a ratio of less than 1 for both 2006 and 2007
c) (5 marks) Using the ratios calculated in part a) comment on General Motors' solvency in 2007
as compared to 2006. Please identify the ratios that you are using as a reference. Do not
exceed 4-5 sentences in your answer!
Times Interest Earned - Measures ability to meet interest payments as they come due - both
years number is negative therefore GM unable to meet its short term debt obligations
Debt to Total Assets measure the % of assets provided by creditors (lower is better) - both years
it is in excess of 1 or 100% so again very poor
Cash to Total Debt Coverage - Measures long-term debt-paying ability (cash basis) - higher is
better - Negative for 2006 and at 4%, low for 2007
d) (1 mark) What, in your opinion, happened to General Motors in 2008? Base your opinion on
your previous work.
Given that GM appeared both insolvent and illiquid, it should be no surprise that the company
filed for bankruptcy in 2008.
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Question 4 (18 marks)
KG Spring Skating School had the following account balances as at June 30, 2011: Cash $23,000;
Equipment $2,000; Accounts Payable $500; Advanced Registration Fees $17,500; Common Shares
$1,000; and Retained Earnings $6,000. The following events occurred during the month of July:
July 4
Registration fees received for July skating school (four week skating lessons), $5,500.
July 4
Paid for ice time for the month of July, $14,400.
July 9
Paid accounts payable outstanding at June 30th.
July 11 Booked ice with the city for the September session. It will cost $14,400. No money was paid.
July 11 Received and paid a bill for $500 for advertising of the July skating school.
July 21 Received a bill for internet services for $100. The bill is not due until August 15th.
July 29 Last day of July session.
July 29 Received advanced registrations for the next four-week skating session in September, $2,200.
July 30 Purchased refreshments, gifts and supplies for end-of-school test day and ribbons for skaters,
$500.
July 31 Paid coaches and assistant coaches, $1,200.
a) Prepare journal entries for each of the above transactions in May using the table format below. If
you need to make any assumptions, please state them clearly. (10 marks)
Date
Accounts
Debit
July 4
Cash
5,500
Skating Fee Revenue
July 4
July 9
Credit
5,500
Ice Rental Expense
Cash
14,400
Accounts Payable
500
14,400
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Cash
July 11
NO ENTRY – NOT A TRANSACTION
July 11
Advertising Expense
500
500
Cash
July 21
Internet Expense
500
100
Accounts Payable
July 29
NO ENTRY – NOT A TRANSACTION
July 29
Cash
100
2,200
Advanced Registration Fees (i.e.
2,200
Unearned Revenue)
July 30
Volunteer Expense
500
Cash
July 31
Salaries Expense
Cash
500
1,200
1,200
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b) Prepare a Balance Sheet as at July 31, 2011. (8 marks)
KG Spring Skating School
Balance Sheet
July 31, 2011
Assets
Current assets
Cash
Property, Plant & Equipment
Equipment
Total assets
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Accounts payable
Unearned Revenue
Total liabilities
Shareholders' equity
Common shares
$ 1,000
Retained earnings
(5,200)
Total shareholders’ equity
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$13,600
2,000
$15,600
$ 100
19,700
19,800
(4,200)
$15,600
Question 5 (15 marks)
a) Penguins Inc. reported net earnings of $775,000 for the year ended September 30, 2011. During the
year, depreciation expense was $200,000 and amortization expense was $60,000. An analysis of the
year end balance sheets revealed the following: accounts receivable decreased by $350,000, prepaid
expenses increased by $95,000, accounts payable decreased by $280,000, income tax payable increased
by $5,000 and the company realized a $10,000 gain on the sale of equipment. Calculate the cash
provided (used) by operating activities using the indirect method. (8 marks)
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a) Answer:
PENGUINS INC.
Cash Flow Statement (Partial)—Indirect Method
Year Ended September 30, 2011
Operating activities
Net earnings .............................................................................
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to
net cash provided (used) by operating activities
Depreciation expense ....................................................
Amortization expense ....................................................
Gain on the sale of equipment ......................................
Accounts receivable decrease .......................................
Prepaid expenses increase .............................................
Income tax payable increase .........................................
Accounts payable decrease ...........................................
Net cash provided by operating activities .........................................
$ 775,000
$200,000
60,000
(10,000)
350,000
(95,000)
5,000
(280,000)
230,000
$1,005,000
b) Assume that the total change in cash and cash equivalents for the year was $470,000. Explain how
this is possible given you analysis in Part A of this question (Provide specific examples). (4 marks)
Answer: Change in cash and cash equivalents includes changes in cash as a result of investing and
financing activities. The company’s decrease in cash and cash equivalents would, therefore, be
attributable to negative cash flows from investing and/or financing activities. The company may have
paid a dividend to its shareholders (i.e. a financing activity). Or, the company may have spent a large
amount of cash on investing activities, such as research and development, the refurbishment of
equipment, etc. (i.e. an investing activity).
c) What is the main purpose of the cash flow statement? (3 marks)
Answer: c) The main purpose of the cash flow statement is to provide information that will enable
users to assess the company’s ability to generate cash, the reasons for the differences in net earnings
and cash provided by operations (i.e. to assess the reliability of the earnings figure) and to outline the
investing and financing transactions during the period.
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Question 6 (7 marks)
Sun Protection Inc. (“SPI”) manufactures and sells sunglasses. Price and cost data are as follows:
Selling price per pair of sunglasses
Variable costs per pair of sunglasses:
Raw materials
Direct labor
Manufacturing overhead
Selling expenses
Annual fixed costs:
Manufacturing overhead
Selling and administrative
$25.00
$11.00
5.00
2.50
1.30
$19.80
$192,000
276,000
$468,000
Forecasted annual sales volume (120,000 pairs) $3,000,000
Income tax rate 40%
a) SPI estimates that its direct labor costs will increase 8 percent next year. How many units will SPI have
to sell next year to reach breakeven? (3 marks)
Answer: a)
Variable costs increase by $0.40 to $20.20
CM/Unit = $25.00 – 20.20 = $4.80
Breakeven point = $468,000 / 4.80 = 97,500 units
Answer b) If SPI's direct labor costs do increase 8 percent, what selling price per unit of product must it
charge to maintain the same contribution margin ratio? (4 marks)
Current CM ratio = $5.20 / 25.00 = 20.8%
Let S = new selling price
S – 20.20 / S = .208
S – 20.20 = .208 S
0.792 S = 20.20
S = $25.51 (correct answer)
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Appendix 1 - From General Motors 2007 Annual Report
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Appendix 1 (cont'd) - From General Motors 2007 Annual Report
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Appendix 1 (cont'd) - From General Motors 2007 Annual Report
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