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Community Ecology Ch. 20 (20-1) Species Interactions • 5 major types – Predation – Competition – Parasitism – Mutualism – Commensalism Predation • 1 species benefits (predator) while the other species gets eaten (prey) • Adaptations: – Mimicry – Secondary compounds – Physical abilities Predation (cont.) • Mimicry: harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species – Ex: king snake mimics poisonous coral snake • Secondary Chemicals: poisonous or bad-tasting chemicals made from metabolism – Ex: poison ivy/oak Competition • Caused by niche overlap of 2 or more species • Can lead to: – Competitive exclusion – Character displacement – Resource partitioning Competitive Exclusion • 1 species is eliminated due to competition for same limited resource – 2 barnacle species Character Displacement • Evolution of anatomical differences that reduce competition – Darwin’s finches Resource Partitioning • Species reduce their use of shared resource thus decrease competition – Warbler feeding Symbiosis • Relationship b/w different species living in close contact w/ each other • 3 types: 1. Parasitism 2. Mutualism 3. Commensalism Parasitism • 1 species benefits (parasite) while the other species is harmed (host) • 2 types: – Ectoparasite: external • Ticks, fleas, leeches – Endoparasite: internal • Tapeworms Mutualism • Both species benefit from one another – Pollinators & plants Commensalism • 1 species benefits while other is not affected – Cattle egrets & Cape buffalo (20-2) Properties of Communities • 3 community characteristics: – Richness: # of species it contains – Diversity: how common a species is – Stability: resistance to change • Richness improves stability Species Richness Patterns • Communities closer to the equator have more species • Species-area effect: larger areas usually contain more species than smaller areas Succession • Gradual, sequential re-growth of species in an area 2 Types of Succession • Primary: development of a community in an area that never had life before – Bare rock, sand dune – Extremely slow process • Secondary: change of community makeup after a disturbance – Farming, flood, fire – ~100 yrs to return Key Terms • Pioneer species: predominate in early succession – Small, fast-growing, & fastreproducing – Ex: weeds, crabgrass • Climax community: community make-up that will last for a long time – Stable end result of succession