Download 4-11 and 4-12 Earth Review

Bell Work: 4/11/16
Read pg. 43 and answer
#1-2 on pg. 44
Mineral Identification
SPI 0707.7.1
Use a table of physical properties to classify minerals.
•Classifying Minerals
• Color
Not the best way to identify a mineral because the same mineral can come in
a variety of colors or different minerals can also be the same color
• Luster
the way a surface reflects light (metallic, pearly, waxy, etc.)
• Streak
the color of the powder that a mineral leaves behind
• Cleavage/Fracture
The different ways a mineral can break (smooth/flat or rough/jagged)
• Hardness
a mineral’s resistance to being scratched (Mohs Hardness Scale 1 (soft: Talc)10 (hardest: Diamond)
• Density
the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance; the
measure of how much matter (mass) is in a given amount of space (volume)
• Special Properties
Special characteristics of a mineral (fluorescence, odor, magnetism)
The chart shows the properties of some minerals.
A sample of a mineral is red and has a white streak.
Based on the chart, which type of mineral
is the sample?
A Sulfur
B Serpentine
C Opal
D Hematite
• Color: actual, visible appearance of color
• Streak: color left behind when mineral is rubbed on
white/black plate
• Hardness: Moh’s scale (1-10), mineral can be scratched
by anything harder than itself
Study Guide: 7.1 KP!
Da Rock Cycle
SPI 0707.7.3
Identify the major processes that drive the rock cycle.
SPI 0707.7.2
Label a diagram that depicts the three different rock types.
•Types of Rocks and
The Rock Cycle
• Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
• Rock cycle is continuous
Sediment
Compacting/
Cementing
Sedimentary
Heat &
Pressure
Weathering
and erosion
Metamorphic
Igneous
Cooling
Magma
Melting
Study Guide: 7.2 KP!
• Igneous
• Formed when lava cools and hardens
• Sedimentary
• Formed when sediment compacts and
cements together
• Metamorphic
• Forms when heat and pressure are
applied to the other types of rock.
• Melting:
• Under extreme heat, rocks can melt into magma
• Cooling and Hardening:
• Magma will cool and harden into igneous rocks
• Weathering, Erosion, & Deposition:
• Weathering breaks down the rocks
• Erosion carries the sediments away
• Deposition drops the sediments (like it’s hot!)
• Compaction and Cementation:
• Sediments create layers and over time these layers are compacted and
cemented together
• Heat and Pressure:
• Under extreme heat and pressure rocks can change form (metamorphism)
Processes
• Heat & pressure: Metamorphic
• Melting (magma) and cooling: Igneous
• Weathering & Erosion  Sediment  Compacted:
Sedimentary
Study Guide: 7.3 KP!
Time 1 shows a rock underground. Time 2 shows the
rock exposed at the surface many years later. What is
the term for the process that exposed the rock at the
surface?
A cementation
B erosion
C transportation
D deposition
As a riverbank erodes away, sand and
mud are transported downstream and
settle at the bottom of a lake. Over time,
what type of rock is most likely formed at
the bottom of the lake?
A igneous
B lunar
C metamorphic
D sedimentary
Bell Work: 4/12/16
Read pg. 45 and answer
#1-2 on pg. 46.
Earth’s Layers
SPI 0707.7.4
Differentiate among the characteristics of the earth’s
three layers.
•
Earth's Layers
• Crust
• outermost layer of Earth; thinnest layer (1% of Earth's
mass); two types of crust: continental and oceanic crust
• Mantle
• thickest layer of Earth between the crust and core (67%
of Earth's mass); solid rock that flows (silly putty rockconvection currents)
• Outer Core
• liquid iron and nickel
• Inner Core
• Solid iron and nickel
The diagram below shows the layers of Earth. What
makes up most of Layer 3?
A liquid water
B molten rock
C hydrogen and helium gas
D liquid iron and nickel
• Crust: Thin lithospheric plates, mostly water
• Mantle: 67% of mass, convection currents, solid rock that
flows
• Outer core: Liquid iron & nickel, inner core: solid iron &
nickel
Study Guide: 7.4 KP!
The diagram shows a divergent plate boundary.
Which of these will most likely happen because the
lithospheric plates move away from each other?
A New sea floor forms.
B Tides become higher.
C Winds become stronger.
D Water moves to higher latitudes.
Which of these formed the Appalachian
Mountains?
A sea-floor spreading
B continental plates colliding
C river sediment deposition
D frequent earthquake activity
Plate Tectonics
SPI 0707.7.5
Recognize that lithospheric plates on the scale of continents and oceans
continually move at rates of centimeters per year.
SPI 0707.7.6
Describe the relationship between plate movements and earthquakes,
mountain building, volcanoes, and sea floor spreading.
• Plate Tectonics
• Lithospheric plates: sections of crust moving on top of
asthenosphere
• Plates move centimeters (1-20) each year
Study Guide: 7.5 KP!
• Tectonic Plates:
• parts of the lithosphere that move around on top of the
asthenosphere (middle mantle)
• Types of boundaries:
• Transform- plates slide past each other causing
earthquakes
• Divergent- plates move apart causing sea-floor spreading
and volcanoes
• Convergent- plates collide causing mountains and
volcanoes
• Pangaea:
• Alfred Wegener believed that the continents were one
single landmass called Pangaea, they separated, and
drifted apart to how they are today (continental drift)
• Plates move apart= new crust forms (divergent)
• Plates move together= mountains & volcanoes
(convergent)
• Earthquakes caused by plate movement at fault lines
Study Guide: 7.6 KP!
The map shows the motion of a tectonic plate that
includes the country of India. Which is the best
approximation of the distance this plate moves every
year?
A less than one millimeter
B a few centimeters
C several meters
D more than one kilometer
Geologists placed posts on opposite sides of divergent
plates to determine the rate of plate movement. How far
apart will the posts most likely have moved after 10 years?
A 50 centimeters
B 5 meters
C 50 meters
D 5 kilometers
Earth’s Resources
SPI 0707.7.7 Analyze and evaluate the impact of
man’s use of earth’s land, water, and atmospheric
resources.
• Fossil Fuels and Natural Resources
• Renewable
• Resources that can be renewed or used again
in our life time (fresh water, solar power, trees,
etc.)
• Non-Renewable
• Resources that cannot be renewed or used
again in our life time; once it is used, it is gone
and will take hundreds, upon thousands of
years to renew (fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and
natural gas)
• Renewable resources replenish, nonrenewable used too
quickly
Study Guide: 7.7 KP!
As the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere becomes
depleted, skin damage can occur from exposure to high
levels of ultraviolet (UV) rays. Which human activity has
contributed to the breakdown of the ozone layer?
A construction of wind turbines to generate electricity
B introduction of invasive plant species into local
ecosystems
C construction of dams for hydroelectric power
D release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the
atmosphere
When water vapor, methane, and carbon
dioxide are released into the atmosphere,
trapped heat is reradiated back to Earth. Which
of these will most likely occur when heat is
reradiated back to Earth?
A Acid precipitation will form.
B Soil contamination will increase.
C Surface temperatures will increase globally.
D The ozone will become thinner and break down.