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Mesopotamia The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Fertile Crescent An arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian gulf. Sumerians The creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization. Polytheistic The belief in many gods. City-state The basic unit of Sumerian civilization. Uruk An independent city in southern Mesopotamia Ziggurat a massive stepped tower used as a temple. Theocracy A government by divine authority cuneiform “wedge shaped” system of writing created by the Sumerians. Gilgemesh An epic poem that records the exploits of a legendary king named Gilgemesh. Scribe Members of the leaned class who served as copyists, teachers, and jurists. Akkadians The people who lived north of the Sumerian citystate. Sargon The leader of the Akkadians. Empire A large political unit or state, usually under a singe leader, that controls many people or territories. Babylon A city-state south of Akkad. Hammurabi Leader of Babylon, who gained control of Sumer and Akkad. Patriarchal When men dominate the society