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Ecology
Ecological factor in
ecosystem
M. Saadatian
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1
Temperature
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• optimum temperature: an optimum temperature at
which growth proceeds with greatest rapidity. (050 degree)
• Cardinal temperature : Minimum and maximum
temperatures that define limits of growth and
development of an organism
Vernalization:is the acquisition of a plant's ability
to flower in the spring by exposure to the
prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial
equivalent. After vernalization, plants have
acquired the ability to flower, but they may
require additional seasonal cues or weeks of
growth before they will actually flower.
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• Thermoperiodism
• The effect on an organism of the rhythmic
fluctuation of temperature, including responses
associated
with
thermal
changes
accompanying the alternation of day and night.
• Flowering : 8-13 in cool day
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• Warm blooded
• The term warm-blooded is a colloquial term to describe
animal species which have a relatively higher blood
temperature, and maintain thermal homeostasis primarily
through internal metabolic processes. These are characteristics
of mammals and birds.
• Cold blooded
Cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature of their
surroundings. They are hot when their environment is hot and
cold when their environment is cold.
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• Bergmann's rule is an ecogeographic principle that
states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic
clade, populations and species of larger size are found
in colder environments, and species of smaller size
are found in warmer regions.
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Humidity
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Aquatic plant
Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in
aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater). They are also
referred to as hydrophytes or macrophytes. These plants
require special adaptations for living submerged in water, or
at the water's surface. The most common adaptation is
aerenchyma, but floating leaves and finely dissected leaves
are also common. Aquatic plants can only grow in water or in
soil that is permanently saturated with water. They are
therefore a common component of wetlands
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Xerophytes
• A xerophyte is a species of plant that has adapted to
survive in an environment with little water, such as a
desert or an ice- or snow-covered region in the Alps or the
Arctic.
• The morphology and physiology of xerophytes are
variously adapted to conserve water, and commonly also
to store large quantities of water, during dry periods.
Other species may be adapted to survive long periods of
desiccation of their tissues, during which their metabolic
activity may effectively shut down. Plants with such
morphological and physiological adaptations are called
xeromorphic.
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Mesophyte
• Mesophytes are terrestrial plants which are
adapted to neither a particularly dry nor
particularly wet environment. An example of a
mesophytic habitat would be a rural temperate
meadow, which might contain Goldenrod,
Clover, Oxeye Daisy, and Rosa multiflora.
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Halophyte
• A halophyte is a plant that grows in waters of high
salinity, coming into contact with saline water
through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline
semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and
sloughs, and seashores. An example of a halophyte is
the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth
cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are
halophytes - perhaps only 2% of all plant species. The
large majority of plant species are glycophytes,
plants which are not salt-tolerant, and are damaged
fairly easily by high salinity.
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The shape and depth of
clouds depend on the
temperature and humidity of
the air, and the degree of
uplift to which it is subjected.
CIRRUS CLOUDS
CLOUD TYPES
CONVECTIONAL UPLIFT results in
cumulus clouds. If uplift is continued,
then they develop vertically to become
storm clouds; cumulo-nimbus which
only spread out laterally at the
tropopause (about 12km).
CUMULUS WITH LIMITED
VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT
CIRRUS clouds are thin, wispy
clouds formed from ice crystals at
high level, usually near the
tropopause at 10-12km.
CONTRAILS are the trails of jet aircraft
whose water vapour condenses into ice
crystals.
Lens clouds develop as
air streams oscillate
above and below the
condensation level.
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LENS CLOUDS
STRATUS clouds are layerclouds that
develop with whole air masses rising
gently, with limited vertical development
Stratus clouds
Stratus clouds
from above
CUMULUS DEVELOPS INTO
CUMULO-NIMBUS