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Ecology
An Introduction To
Ecology
M. Saadatian
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1
An Introduction To
Ecology
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• Ecology – study of interactions
between organisms and
environment.
• Consists of abiotic (nonliving;
i.e. temperature, light, etc) and
biotic (living) factors.
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• Population – group of individuals of
same species living in an area.
• Community – all organisms of all
species that live in an area.
• Ecosystem – above plus abiotic
factors.
• Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems.
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
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Organism
POPULATION
 a group of organisms of
one species living in the
same place at the same
time that interbreed
Produce fertile offspring
Compete with each other
for resources (food,
mates, shelter, etc.)
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Community - several interacting
populations that inhabit a common
environment and are interdependent.
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Ecosystem - populations in a
community and the abiotic factors
with which they interact (ex.
marine, terrestrial)
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Biosphere - life supporting portions
of Earth composed of air, land,
fresh water, and salt water.
•The highest level of organization
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• Distribution affected by
temperature, water, sunlight, wind,
and rocks and soil.
• Type of each will determine what
can live there.
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Biosphere:
1. Atmosphere
2. Lithosphere
3. Hydrosphere
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Ecology= Organism
Environment
Parts of ecology:
1. Plant ecology: study of interaction between plants and
environment
2. Animal ecology: study of interaction between animals and
environment
3. human ecology: study of interaction between human and
environments
Study of number organism:
1. Autecology: individual ecology
2. synecology: community ecology
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Ecosystem
All of organism with environments that interaction together
Type of ecosystem:
1. Open: attend to stabilize and balance
2. Close: use in labs
Open system
close system
input
A
B
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A
C
output
B
C
Parts of ecosystems
Ecosystem:
1. Abiotic (soil,water,air…)
2. Biotic (biocenose)
Biotic
Autotroph
Hetrotroph
micro consumer
macro consumer
Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
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Classification of ecosystems by ambit
1. Micro-ecosystem (aquarium)
2. Meso-ecosystem (jungle)
3. Macro-ecosystem (ocean or sea)
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