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C3 Topic 3 Ammonia and Functional Groups REVISION Ammonia 1. What are the raw materials? Where do they come from? Nitrogen comes from air Hydrogen comes from natural gas 2. What is the catalyst for the Haber process? Iron 3. What temperature and pressure are used for the Haber process? High temperature (450oC) high pressure (200 atmospheres) 4. Why is the following reaction reversible? Nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia The ammonia can break back down into nitrogen and hydrogen 5. How is the ammonia remover from the continuous process? It is liquefied and removed 6. What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen? They get recycled 7. What is the word equation for the Haber process? Nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia 8. What is the symbol equation for the Haber process? N2 + 3H2 Skills 2NH3 Higher Tier 9. What is equilibrium? When the rate of the forward reaction is the same as the rate of the backwards reaction in a closed system 10. The amounts of all reacting substances at equilibrium depends on ………………….. The conditions (temperature and pressure) 11. If the temperature is raised what happens to the position of equilibrium? It will go in the endothermic direction 12. If the temperature is lowered what happens to the position of equilibrium? It will go in the exothermic direction 13. If the pressure is raised what happens to the position of equilibrium? It will go to the side with few molecules 14. If the pressure is lowered what happens to the position of equilibrium? It will go to the side with more molecules 15. What 2 things need to be considered when determining optimum conditions for an industrial process Rate and position of equilibrium (yield) Functional Groups Alcohols 16. What functional group do all alcohols have? -OH 17. Give the displayed formula of methanol 18. Give the displayed formula of ethanol 19. Give the displayed formula of propanol 20. What are these groups of molecules with the same functional groups called? Homologous series 21. Do alcohols dissolve? Yes 22. Is the solution formed acid, alkali or neutral? neutral 23. Do they react with sodium? If so what gas is produced? Yes, hydrogen 24. What are alcohols used for? As a fuels and solvents, and ethanol is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks. 25. What can ethanol be oxidised to? Ethanoic acid 26. What is the main acid in vinegar? Ethanoic acid 27. Write the balanced symbol equation for the combustion of ethanol C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Carboxylic Acids -COOH 28. What functional group do all carboxylic acids have? 29. Give the displayed formula of methanoic acid Skills 30. Give the displayed formula of ethanoic acid 31. Give the displayed formula of propanoic acid 32. Do carboxylic acids dissolve? Yes 33. Is the solution formed acid, alkali or neutral? acidic 34. Do they react with carbonates? If so what gas is produced? Yes, carbon dioxide 35. What happens when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol are mixed in the presence of an acid catalyst? produce an ester 36. Why are they called weak acids (HT) They do not ionise completely when dissolved in water aqueous solutions of weak acids have a 37. If the concentration is the same for a strong acid and higher pH value than aqueous solutions of a weak acid, how will their pH’s compare? strong acids with the same concentration. Esters 38. What is the functional group of an ester -COO- 39. What ester is made from ethanoic acid and ethanol? Ethyl ethanoate 40. What are esters used for? Perfumes and flavourings 41. How can you tell you have made an ester? It has a distinctive smell 42. Esters are volatile, what does this mean? They have a low boiling point 43. Draw the displayed formula of ethyl ethanoate