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Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Chapter 3 Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology Introduction Atoms make up molecules Molecules make up cells Cells make up tissues Tissues make up organs Organs make up organ systems Organ systems make up organisms Introduction This chapter concentrates on cells and tissues There are over 75 trillion cells in the body All cells can be placed into one of the four tissue categories Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Neural tissue Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Characteristics Cellularity Cells are bound close together No intercellular space Polarity Have an exposed apical surface Have an attached basal surface Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Characteristics (continued) Attachment Basal layer is attached to the basal lamina Avascularity Do not consist of blood vessels Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Characteristics (continued) Arranged in sheets Composed of one or more layers of cells Regeneration Cells are continuously replaced via cell reproduction Epithelial Tissue Functions of Epithelial Tissue Provides physical protection Controls permeability Provides sensation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 1 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Produces secretions Epithelial Tissue Specialization of Epithelial Cells Microvilli For absorption and secretion Stereocilia Long microvilli, commonly found in the inner ear Ciliated epithelium Moves substances over the apical surfaces of the cells Epithelial Tissue Maintaining the Integrity of the Epithelium Three factors involved in maintenance Intercellular connections Attachment to the basal lamina Epithelial maintenance and renewal is self-perpetuated Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelia Simple Epithelium has only one layer of cells Stratified Epithelium has two or more layers of cells Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Cells Squamous cells Thin, flat cells / “squished” nuclei Cuboidal cells Cube-shaped cells / centered, round nucleus Columnar cells Longer than they are wide / nucleus near the base Transitional cells Mixture of cells / nuclei appear to be scattered Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous Epithelium Consists of very delicate cells Location Lining body cavities, the heart, the blood vessels Function Reduces friction Absorbs and secretes material Epithelial Tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 2 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location Surface of skin Lines: mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina Function Protection Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location Thyroid gland, ducts, kidney tubules Function Secretion, absorption Epithelial Tissue Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Location Ducts of sweat glands Function Secretion, absorption Epithelial Tissue Simple Columnar Epithelium Location Lining: stomach, intestines, uterine tubes Function Secretion, absorption, protection Epithelial Tissue Stratified Columnar Epithelium Location Pharynx, epiglottis, mammary glands, salivary glands Function Protection Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Nucleus situated at different levels Location Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi Function Protection, secretion Epithelial Tissue Transitional Epithelium Consists of many layers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 3 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Consists of a combination of cuboidal and “odd” shaped cells Location Urinary bladder Function Ability to stretch extensively Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelia Many epithelia are mixed with gland cells Types of glands Serous glands: secrete watery fluids rich in enzymes Mucous glands: secrete glycoproteins (mucins) that absorb water to produce mucus Mixed exocrine glands: contain both serous and mucous secretions Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelia (continued) Endocrine glands Secretions enter into the blood or lymph Exocrine glands Secretions travel through ducts to the epithelial surface Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelia Classification Simple glands Do not have branching ducts Compound glands Have various branching ducts Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelia Modes of Secretion Merocrine secretion Apocrine secretion Holocrine secretion Epithelial Tissue Modes of Secretion Merocrine Secretion Secretions released through exocytosis Examples: Goblet cells of the trachea Cells in the axilla region regarding sweat production Epithelial Tissue Modes of Secretion Apocrine Secretion Secretions released via the loss of cytoplasm Example: © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 4 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Cells of the mammary glands for milk secretion Epithelial Tissue Modes of Secretion Holocrine Secretion Secretions released upon bursting of the glandular cells Example: Cells of the sebaceous glands Connective Tissues All connective tissues have three main components: Specialized cells Extracellular protein fibers Matrix The matrix is the collective term for the extracellular component of any connective tissue that is made of protein fibers and the ground substance Connective Tissues Functions of Connective Tissue Establishing the structural framework of the body Transporting fluid and dissolved materials Protecting organs Supporting, surrounding, and connecting other tissues Storing energy Defending the body from microorganisms Connective Tissues Classification of Connective Tissue Connective tissue proper Has a matrix of fibers (loose fibers and dense fibers) Fluid connective tissue Has a matrix of liquid (blood and lymph) Supporting connective tissue Has a matrix consisting of a gel or a solid (cartilage and bone) Connective Tissue Proper Connective Tissue Proper Loose fibers Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular tissue Dense fibers Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic Connective Tissue Proper Areolar Tissue (details) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 5 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Location Deep dermis Between muscles Function Connects skin to muscle Matrix Fibers Connective Tissue Proper Adipose Tissue (details) Location Hypodermis Buttocks, surrounds organs Function Cushion Insulation Matrix Fibers Connective Tissue Proper Reticular Tissue (details) Location Liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, bone marrow Function Supporting framework Matrix Fibers Connective Tissue Proper Dense Regular Connective Tissue (details) Location Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments Elastic tissue Function Tendons: connect muscle to bone Aponeuroses: connect muscle to muscle or covers entire muscle Ligaments: connect bone to bone Elastic: stabilizes the vertebrae Matrix Fibers Connective Tissue Proper Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (details) Location Nerve and muscle sheaths Function Provides strength Matrix © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 6 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Fibers Fluid Connective Tissue Fluid Connective Tissue Blood Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Plasma Fluid Connective Tissue Blood (details) Location: circulatory system Erythrocytes Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Leukocytes Fight infections Platelets Blood clotting Matrix Liquid (plasma) Fluid Connective Tissue Lymph (details) Location Lymphoid system Lymphocytes Develop into T cells and B cells (for example) Function Involved with the immune system Supporting Connective Tissue Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage and Bone Provide a strong framework that supports rest of body Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage Types of Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrous cartilage Supporting Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Tissue (details) Location © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 7 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Between bones at the joints Tracheal cartilage rings Function Flexible support Reduces friction Matrix Gel Supporting Connective Tissue Elastic Cartilage Tissue (details) Location Auricle of the ear Function Flexible support Matrix Gel Supporting Connective Tissue Fibrous Cartilage Tissue (details) Location Pads within the knee joints Pubic symphysis Function Resists compression Matrix Gel Supporting Connective Tissue Bone Location Skeletal system Function Support and strength Matrix Solid (lamellae) Supporting Connective Tissue Bone (details) Made of osteons Osteons consist of: Central canal Osteocytes Lacunae Canaliculi Matrix of lamellae Membranes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 8 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Membranes Epithelia and connective tissue combine to form membranes Each membrane consists of: Sheet of epithelial cells An underlying connective tissue Membranes Four Types of Membranes Mucous membrane: lines digestive and respiratory tract Coated with mucus secretions Has connection to the exterior of the body Serous membrane: lines pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities Produces transudate to reduce friction Membranes Four Types of Membranes (continued) Cutaneous membrane: makes up the skin Thick and waterproof Synovial membrane: lines the joint cavities Produces synovial fluid that reduces friction within the joints The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body Connective tissue creates the internal framework of the body Layers of connective tissue connect organs with the rest of the body Layers of connective tissue are called fascia Superficial fascia Deep fascia Subserous fascia Muscle Tissue Three types of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle Has striations Smooth muscle Ends of the cells are pointy Cardiac muscle Has intercalated discs Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle Muscles that move the skeleton Voluntary control Smooth muscle Muscles that line the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and blood vessels Involuntary control Cardiac muscle Found in the myometrium of the heart © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Page 9 of 10 840945053 Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Session: FALL Section: 52999 Days / Time: Instructor: Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini Human Anatomy 7th ed. MW 5:00 PM – 9:20 PM RIDDELL Muscles cells that contract rhythmically Neural Tissue Neural Tissue Specialized to conduct electrical signals through the body Two types of neural cells Neurons are the cells that actually transmit the impulse Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the neural tissue; these cells protect the neurons Tissues, Nutrition, and Aging Repair and maintenance become less efficient as one ages Hormonal changes and lifestyle changes also affect the functioning of tissues Epithelia become thinner and connective tissues become fragile Cardiac muscle cells and neural tissue cannot regenerate; therefore, relatively minor damage adds up over time, sometimes causing severe health issues Embryology Summary A zygote multiplies to form a ball of cells The ball of cells develops into a hollow ball (day 6) Blastocyst The blastocyst forms two layers of cells Trophoblast The two layers of cells develop the four tissues of the body Embryology Summary Epithelial tissue develops to form: Functional epithelial linings Exocrine cells Endocrine cells Embryology Summary Origins of Connective Tissues Endoderm forms mesenchyme Mesenchyme differentiates to form the various connective tissue categories Embryology Summary Development of Organ Systems An ectoderm layer and endoderm layer form Cells migrate between those two layers forming a mesoderm Organs begin to develop around day 28 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 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