Download 4.6 1.3 Reptiles/Amphibians

4.6 WILDLIFE
Introduction:
The San Bernardino Mountains, along with the nearby San Gabriel and San Jacinto ranges, are
very important ecologically. They are all considered to be sky islands (high mountain regions
whose plants and animals vary dramatically from those in the surrounding semi-arid lowlands)
(SBNF). The San Bernardino, San Gabriel and San Jacinto Mountains comprise the largest
forested region in Southern California, and altogether support some 1,700 species of plants, and
are home to approximately 440 wildlife species (“Nature & Science”) Of those, over 30 animals
and plants are listed as threatened or endangered (SBNF).Within the mountain range, unique and
diverse habitats and ecosystems exist. Habitats such as wetlands, woodlands, forest and chaparral
all aid in and sustain important biodiversity within these mountains. Many mammals, birds,
reptiles and amphibians all depend heavily on this diversity for their survival. In order to
continue protecting and preserving such a valuable area, along with all of the fragile species that
live there, measures need to be taken and continued to be instilled.
4.6 1.2 Mammals
California Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus californicus)
Status: California Species of Least Concern
Species Description: The common name is mule deer or black-tailed deer. There are seven
subspecies of mule deer and two of the black tailed deer which is its own subspecies group. In
the San Bernardino Mountains the California subspecies is present and abundant. The two
Subspecies are distinguished by body size, pelage color, skull form and dentition, size/shape of
antlers, behavior, and geographical distribution (Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus”). Mule deer
vary in size depending upon region. The largest species occur in the Rocky Mountains and the
smallest, the black-tailed deer, occur along the northern Pacific coast (United States. National
Park Service). Males are typically larger than females. Males have full racks of antlers during
the rutting and mating season (September and ends as late as March). Fawns arrive in the spring;
the young will remain with mothers throughout the summer and become weaned in the autumn.
Deer feed on grasses and forbs in the spring and summer, however they are primarily browsers.
They also eat items such as bark, buds, and acorns. A deer's diet can differ across their range and
depending on what's available.
Significance: Mule Deer are important indicator species, due to their role of being a major food
source for large carnivores such as mountain lions. Because of their important role as an
indicator species, they are managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. These
animals are allowed to be hunted, but all hunting activities and numbers are monitored and
recorded during hunting season
Habitat and Range: Mule deer are well adapted to a variety of habitats including temperate
forest, open range, grassland, fields, scrubland, desert and semi-desert habitats, as well as
mountainous areas. The California mule deer is widespread throughout northern and central
California in the California coastal prairie as well as inner coastal ranges and interior mountains,
especially the Sierra Nevada (Southern California Camping-Field Guide to Mammals). Mule
deer may inhabit the same range throughout the year or migrate to separate summer-fall and
winter ranges. Mule deer can either be migratory or resident. Migratory mule deer are generally
found in mountainous regions, where they move up and down along elevation gradients in
response to weather and seasonal changes in vegetation ("Keep Me Wild - Mule Deer).
Threat: One of the largest threats to the survival of healthy mule deer populations is from urban
growth and development. This leads to habitat loss of the California mule deer. Other threats
include, high predator populations (including feral dogs), competition with livestock for grazing
areas, and hunting ("Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus)"). Some other threats are diseases and
parasites (bacterial diseases and parasites infest mule deer and may cause mortality),
malnutrition and weather (often the leading cause of deer deaths), and invasive plants (invasive
grasses and forbs may reduce the amount of food available for deer, along with change the
vegetation reducing the cover needed to protect/ hide deer from their predators) ("Mule Deer."
Wikipedia).
Natural Predators: Major predators of mule deer include coyotes, mountain lions, and humans.
Bobcats and American black bears are unlikely to prey on mule deer unless they are sick or
injured. Birds of prey, such as golden eagles, are common predators of young deer. Predators
may kill deer of all sexes and ages and in all physical conditions (United States. National Park
Service). When a mule deer detects a predator nearby, it attempts to escape by placing obstacles
such as boulders, trees, bushes, and steep slopes between itself and the predator. Other strategies
used are early detection, out maneuvering of predators, avoidance of areas frequented by
predators, and the formation of herds or groups (Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus)).
Conservation Suggestions: Mule deer are indicators of a healthy ecosystem. When populations
of deer explode, that means their natural predators are decreasing. If numbers get too low it
might mean the vegetation is suffering and other animals could then be at risk. The best solution
is to maintain a viable population. In order to monitor mule deer population on Oak Glen and
Bearpaw preserve, a general census could be performed. The census should be performed
sometime after autumn. Having the census at this time of the year is good because the foals have
been weaned from their mothers, and the infant mortality will have already peaked and started to
fall. By knowing a rough estimate of numbers, we are given a summary of the health of the
ecosystem. Rangers or other knowledgeable employees will assist in counting the deer spotted
while on transect. This should take place at dawn or dusk since that is when they are most active.
Another suggestion is the continued removal of invasive plant species in order to help preserve
native food sources for the deer. Mule deer are primarily browsers, but do have certain
preference depending on the season. They typically feed on grasses and forbs in the
spring/summer, and eat what they can during the colder months. Mule deer prefer to eat
vegetation that is high in nutrients and easy to digest. Although deer are adaptable in their diets,
the presence of invasive plants make healthy and nutrient plants more scarce, negatively
affecting the food supply. If deer need to compete for food their over health and population could
suffer.
The final suggestion is strict enforcement of no hunting on the preserve and the potential
investment in a buffer zone around the preserve to help protect the animals. Although the deer
and other animals are safe within the boundaries of the preserve, the areas around may not be as
safe. The implementation of a buffer zone will better be able to support a safe and health
populations of deer that can help in turn support more predators.
American Black Bear (Ursus Americanus)
Status: Regulated/Least Concern (IUCN Red List)
Significance: One major goal of conservation is to preserve ecosystems. While currently black
bears are not recognized as keystone species, they are considered to be “umbrella” species. An
umbrella species is a species that is often selected when addressing ecosystem preservation
concerns because the public can be influenced to save them and this will indirectly lead to the
conservation of other species. This is because umbrella species share habitats with other species
of concern and they have a good public image to help persuade individuals to care about the
species. The habitats of umbrella species are often used to determine locations for possible
reserves as well as areas of greatest concern.
Description Black bears are large-bodied animals that have a small, narrow head, powerful
limbs, and small ears. Black bears vary in color from tan or brown to black. Typically they are
dark brown with a brown muzzle and, occasionally, a small white chest patch. Adult females
weigh 100 - 200 pounds whereas adult males are larger, at 150 - 350 pounds, though individuals
over 600 pounds have been taken by hunters in California. Black bears have five toes, each with
a well-developed claw, on both front and hind feet, and teeth adapted for feeding on both plant
and animal matter. Black bears are very good climbers, and they will quickly scale a tree to
avoid a predator if they cannot outrun it.
Habitat Needs: American black bears are primarily a species of temperate and boreal forests,
but they also range into subtropical areas of Florida and Mexico as well as into the subarctic.
They live at elevations ranging from sea level to 3,500 m, and inhabit areas as diverse as dry
Mexican scrub forests, Louisiana swamps, Alaskan rainforests and tundra. Between these
extremes they occupy assorted deciduous and coniferous forest types, each providing a different
array of foods.
The American black bear is a generalist, opportunist, and omnivore. Depending on location and
season, they consume herbaceous vegetation, roots, buds, numerous kinds of fleshy fruits, nuts,
insects in life stages from egg to adult, and vertebrates including fish and mammals. They will
various human-related foods, from garbage and birdseed to a variety of agricultural products,
including standing corn and oats just before harvest, apples, and honey. The ability of black
bears to vary their diet with the circumstances has enabled them to persist not only in a diversity
of habitat types, but also in highly-fragmented forest areas in proximity to humans.
A key habitat feature in many areas is a source of fall mast that enables black bears to increase
their fat reserves in preparation for winter. Acorns are the principal fall foods for bears (Vaughan
2002). In the southwestern U.S. and in Mexico, succulents such as yucca and cacti also play
important roles in providing food, especially during drought.
American black bears hibernate for up to 7 months in the northern portions of their range, but
considerably shorter in more southern areas. In some southern areas, where food is available
year-round, they may remain active during winter. However, all parturient females den and give
birth to cubs, typically in January–February. Although mating occurs in May–July, implantation
is delayed and active gestation is only 2 months. Females give birth beginning at age 3–8 years,
depending on food availability and hence their body weight, and can produce cubs every other
year (in places with less food, this interval is often extended to 3 years). The average litter size is
approximately 2.5 cubs in eastern and 2.0 cubs in western North America.
Current Threats: California's black bear population has increased over the past 25 years. In
1982, the statewide bear population was estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. Presently,
the statewide black bear population is estimated to be between 25,000 and 30,000. Conflict with
humans is a potential threat to bears in some areas. In years when natural food supplies are
scarce, people may encounter bears seeking substitute foods such as agricultural crops or
garbage. As more people live in bear habitat, and as bear numbers grow, the frequency of
interactions between humans and bears likely will increase. Indeed, the number of black bear
attacks on humans (including fatalities) seems to be increasing across North America. This also
causes harm to the bears because they become more aggressive when introduced to human food.
Another issue is the increasing density of roads is another growing threat to American black
bears. Not only do roads lead directly to mortalities from vehicular collisions, but they also
provide greater access to hunters and potential poachers and may be barriers to bear movements.
Hunting may once have been a major threat to black bears in California, but it is currently
regulated and managed efficiently. The black bear has been classified as a game mammal since
1948. In recent years, hunting regulations have become more restrictive, prohibiting trapping and
killing of mothers or cubs, and reducing kill limit from two to one bear per license year.
Conservation advice: Black bears may often wander into areas where frequent human activity
takes place. This puts both the bears and the public in danger. Bears are most active in the early
morning and late afternoon hours in spring and summer. It is important to be extra mindful of
bear activity during this time. It is also important to make sure that trash is stored securely and
that the public is made aware when they are in bear habitat.
Some examples of bear safety tips that can be posted in bear habitat may include reminders to
store and remove all trash and food items. It is also important to encourage visitors to remember
key behavior tips if you encounter a bear:
If a bear changes behavior (stops feeding, changes direction, watches you) then you are too
close to the bear and this may cause aggression. Do not run from the bear, but back away
slowly while watching the bear. If the bear follows you, change direction. If the bear gets
closer, talk loudly or shout at it. Act aggressively and attempt to intimidate the bear. If the
bear continues to move forward and is not responsive to other tactics, make yourself as large
as possible and throw rocks at the bear. Most importantly, remind campers and hikers of
these tips before they embark on their trip. Understanding bear behavior and proper food
storage can help keep humans and bears out of harm’s way.
Bobcat (Lynx Rufus):
Status: Least Concern
Description: The bobcat is a North American mammal of the cat family. With a gray to brown
coat, whiskered face, and black-tufted ears, the bobcat resembles the other species of the midsized Lynx genus. It is about twice as large as the domestic cat. It has distinctive black bars on its
forelegs and a black-tipped, stubby tail, from which it derives its name. Though the bobcat
prefers rabbits and hares, it will hunt anything from insects and small rodents to deer. Like most
cats, the bobcat is territorial and largely solitary, although there is some overlap in home ranges.
It uses several methods to mark its territorial boundaries, including claw marks and deposits of
urine or feces. The bobcat breeds from winter into spring and has a gestation period of about two
months. The bobcat keeps on the move from three hours before sunset until about midnight, and
then again from before dawn until three hours after sunrise. Each night it will move from 2 to 7
miles (3.2 to 11 km) along its habitual route. Bobcats are important to the ecosystem because the
keep the rodent populations to a manageable level.
Habitat and Range: The bobcat is an adaptable predator that inhabits wooded areas, as well as
semi-desert, urban edge, forest edges, and swampland environments. In southern California, they
can be found in many protected park areas, even those parks that are surrounded by intense urban
development.
Threats: Habitat loss from urbanization is viewed as the primary threat to bobcats. Exposure to
rat poison is a local threat to bobcats as it is commonly used in a variety of urban settings.
Conservation Suggestions: Educating the public about the consequences rat poison has on
wildlife as well as alternatives to resolving rat problems.
San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami parvus):
Status: Endangered
Description: The Kangaroo rat has large hind feet for jumping; long tail for balance while
jumping and cheek pouches for foraging its body color is weakly yellow with a heavy over wash
of dusky brown. The tail stripes are medium to dark brown, with dark brown tail hairs and foot
pads The Fish and Wildlife service lists the San Bernardino Kangaroo Rat as endangered in 1999
The historical range of the rat has been reduced by 96% due to agricultural and urban
development and the remaining populations are threatened by habitat loss degradation and
fragmentation
Habitat and Range:
San Bernardino Kangaroo Rats inhabit places with sandy loam substrates, characteristic of
alluvial fans and flood plains, where they are able to dig small, simple burrows. Plant life in such
areas is typically dominated by chaparraland coastal sage scrub (soft chaparral) It is found most
commonly it these areas City Creek Etiwanda, Reche Canyon, South Bloomington. Santa Ana
River, Lytle and Cajon Creek, and the San Jacinto River. The habitat of the Kangaroo rat is right
outside of our designated study area. The historical range of the rat has been reduced by 96% due
to agricultural and urban development and the remaining populations are threatened by habitat
loss degradation and fragmentation.
Threats: According to the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), D. m. parvus is threatened by
"habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation by sand and gravel mining, flood control
projects, urban development, vandalism, and inadequate regulatory mechanisms.
Conservation Suggestion: Conserve as much of the remaining habitat as possible. The most
essential environmental elements for the survival of Kangaroo rat are the nature of the soil, sand
or loamy sand, the alluvial sage curb and associated vegetation, and the river creeks and streams
that are vital to the rat's habitat. Management of these resources within their habitat to increase
their survivability.
SAN BERNARDINO FLYING SQUIRREL(Glaucomys sabrinus californicus)
Status and Significance: Originally thought to be a subspecies of the northern flying squirrel,
the gray-brown San Bernardino flying squirrel has been shown through genetic testing to differ
genetically from its northern relative; the resulting conclusion is that the squirrels population
numbers are much lower than initially suspected. Flying squirrels play an important role in
maintaining forest health by dispersing truffle spores; truffles form beneficial symbiotic
relationships with trees and plants, helping them absorb water and nutrients. In 2010 the Center
for Biological Diversity petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the San Bernardino
flying squirrel as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, and in 2012 the Service issued
an initial positive decision in protecting the squirrel and working to officially list it under the
Act.
Description: The San Bernardino flying squirrel is a subspecies of the northern flying squirrel.
It is medium sized, grayish brown, and distinguished by the furry, parachute-like panels of skin
that stretch from wrist to ankle, allowing it to glide between trees. Flying squirrels are active at
night and are known to glide for distances of more than 300 feet. No data is available on the San
Bernardino flying squirrel’s life span; however, the maximum lifespan for other northern flying
squirrel subspecies ranges from four to seven years and produce one litter of two to three young
in spring or summer. Females give birth and care for their young in maternal dens made in tree
cavities or leaf nests(Center for Biological Diversity). Flying squirrels spend considerable time
foraging on the forest floor searching for truffles, the underground fungi that are its primary
food. They also can eat a variety of other foods including seeds, nuts, fruit, insects, and can even
supplement their diet with eggs, birds, and carrion(Op. Cit).
Habitat: The San Bernardino flying squirrel lives in high-elevation, mixed-conifer forests
dominated by Jeffrey pine, white fir and black oak between 4,600 and 7,550 feet(Center for
Biological Diversity). Flying squirrels thrive in forests with big trees and closed-canopy cover,
large snags that provide nesting cavities, downed logs that foster the growth of the truffles they
eat and understory cover that provides protection from predators.
Within Oak Glen, the regions
with mixed-conifer forest vegetation cover, such as the conifer loop, provide potential flying
squirrel habitat and protection, although Oak Glen is at a lower elevation than the flying squirrels
prefer. The Bear Paw preserve is composed of almost all mixed-conifer forests so provides
substantial habitat for the San Bernardino flying squirrel within the preserve.
Range: The historic range of the San Bernardino flying squirrel lies within the San Bernardino
and San Jacinto Mountains of San Bernardino and Riverside counties in Southern California.
However, this subspecies appears to be extirpated or near extirpated from the San Jacinto
Mountains, with the last anecdotal sightings recorded in the 1970s and 1980( Center for
Biological Diversity). They are believed to now be isolated to the San Bernardino mountains
with geographic barriers keeping it from moving to other regions. It is isolated from flying
squirrel populations to the north by 150 miles of Mojave Desert, to the west by the Cajon Pass
between the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains and to the south by the Banning Pass
between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains (Op. Cit). Threats: Natural Predators of the San Bernardino Flying Squirrel include birds of prey such as
hawks and owls, as well as foxes, and potential disease outbreaks. The San Bernardino flying
squirrel is threatened most by anthropogenic threats such as rising temperatures and increasingly
frequent droughts resulting from climate change. As temperatures warm, high-elevation conifer
forests in Southern California have been moving upslope, shrinking the squirrels’ habitat(Op.
Cit). These droughts threaten the squirrel’s food supply of truffles, which require moist, cool
forest conditions. The squirrel also faces threats from forest-management practices that remove
canopy cover, snags and downed logs, degrading the squirrel’s habitat. Prescribed fire may have
short-term (less than 8 years) negative effects on abundance by reducing the frequency and
biomass of their primary food source, truffles .Domestic cats are also a human introduced
predator to the flying squirrel.
Conservation Advice: In both Bear Paw and Oak Glen Preserve, flying squirrels would benefit
from forestry practices that avoid the removal of canopy cover, as flying squirrels prefer thick
canopy to avoid being seen by potential predators. Forestry practices should also manage the
presence of snags and fallen trees to insure that suitable nesting cavities exist for flying squirrels
and that fallen logs and trees can continue to sustain the growth of truffles which are a key food
source and play an important role in the ecosystem. Careful use of prescribed fires and
preservation of truffle fungi existence will be key in maintaining healthy flying squirrel
populations as maintaining soil health. Maintaining and encouraging the creation of wildlife
corridors is also crucial in making sure the last remaining population can stay intact and avoid
threats within the region.
MOUNTAIN LION (Puma Concolor)
Status and Significance: The Mountain Lion is listed under the status of Least Concern, and is
not threatened or endangered although in 2002 it was listed as near threatened. Although it is
illegal to hunt mountain lions, depredation permits can be obtained to kill individual lions who
may pose a threat to people, or livestock. In California, some 5,000 mountain lions are estimated
to inhabit the coastal mountains, northern forests, Sierra Nevada and southern deserts. (Bureau of
Land Management) An accurate census is impossible to make because the big cats are stealthy,
roam enormous territories and are solitary. The loss of predators such as mountain lions can have
devastating effects on ecosystems, as they keep prey populations in check. Usually they prey on
herbivores, such as deer and with an uncontrolled population of deer, overgrazing of the land
becomes a danger to the whole ecosystem( National Park Service).
Description: The Mountain Lion is the largest cat in North America and can grow up to eight
feet in length from head to tail and weigh over 200 pounds(National park Service). Females
reach sexual maturity between one-and-a-half to three years of age. They typically average one
litter every two to three years throughout their reproductive lives and breeding can occur any
time of year. In California its been found that kittens are usually born during the summer, and
after 18 months leave the mother to begin life on their own( Op. Cit.) They average lifespan
ranges from twelve to fifteen years depending on their lifestyle and exposure to threats
(www.mountainlion.org). They prey on a variety of herbivorous mammals such as deer, rabbit,
skunks, porcupine, ground squirrels, and birds, but their favorite prey are species of
deer(National Park Service). Mountain lions prefer to hunt at night or during the hours of dawn
and dusk.
Habitat: The mountain lion inhabits a variety of ecosystems, from deserts, to high mountains.
This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas such as cliffs and ledges for
stalking. They utilize a variety of habitat types that provide adequate cover for hunting and tend
to avoid urban and developed landscapes. On both Oak Glen and Bear Paw preserve there is
adequate habitat for mountain lions. There is enough cover in each of these regions for mountain
lions to stay out of sight which is what they prefer, particularly when stalking prey.
Range: Mountain lions require a lot of room to roam—and varies depending on the terrain,
vegetation cover, and prey in the area. Usually, adult males occupy larger territories while
females with kittens occupy the smaller territories. These ranges can vary from 25 up to 200
square miles. (Bureau of Land Management) The cougar is territorial and survives at low
population densities. While large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding to the
jaguar, gray wolf, american black bear, and the grizzly bear. One female adjacent to the San
Andreas Mountains for instance, was found with a large range of 215 km2 (83 sq mi),
necessitated by poor prey abundance (felineconservation.org).
Threats: The mountain lion faces a variety of threats. Natural threats include injury and
disability, disease, and competition with other cougars. Anthropogenic threats include habitat
loss, fragmentation, poaching, and impacts with cars. Roadways also pose as barriers to puma
movements and dispersal. Their naturally low densities render them highly sensitive to habitat
fragmentation, and this loss of large carnivores can have adverse ripple effects through the entire
ecosystem.
Conservation Advice: Creating and maintaining wildlife corridors is one of the greatest
measures people can take to ensure the future of mountain lions. Although development and
fragmentation has displaced many mountain lions from their natural habitat, the remaining wild
lands can be preserved and even expanded to connect into a wildlife corridor where wide range
animals such as the mountain lion can roam and sustain themselves. Both Bearpaw and Oak Glen
Preserve provide habitat and prey for mountain lions and provide a potential link between the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. The preservation of the natural lands around these
preserves is the only way to be sure that mountain lions can exist in these areas without threats
from fragmentation and roadways. For the safety of the mountain lions as well as people and
their pets, rules can be enforced to prevent people from walking their pets through the preserves
during night hours when mountain lions prefer to hunt. Avoiding the use of poisons and toxic
compounds to treat pest problems is also a measure to take to avoid accidental poisonings of wild
cats and other predators that eat rodents.
4.6 1.3 Reptiles/Amphibians
Southern Rubber Boa (Charina bottae umbratica)
Status: Threatened (San Bernardino Mountains Land Trust)
Significance: The Southern rubber boa is an endemic snake that can be found only in the San
Bernardino and the San Jacinto Mountains. Due to its Threatened status, it is important that
individuals continue to strive to conserve this species in hopes that it can recover in numbers.
Preserving the habitat of this snake will help ensure that it does not end up on the endangered
species list.
Description: The rubber boa is a smooth and shiny snake that is often olive-green, reddishbrown, or tan in color. The scales are smooth and it has large scales on the top of its head. Adult
boas frequently grow to over 9 meters (30 feet) long. The average size of these boas ranges from
4.2-10 meters (14-33 inches) long. The Southern rubber boa has live births with 2-8 young at a
time during late August through September.
Habitat Needs: The Southern rubber boa is a subspecies of the rubber boa (Charina bottae) and
is found only in the coniferous riparian forests of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
Its habitat includes damp woodlands and coniferous forests, large grassy areas, meadows, and
moist sandy areas along rock streams. It lives in burrows below ground the majority of the time
and because it is very seldom seen, very little is known about it. It hibernates in rocky outcrops,
rotting stumps, or other underground locations through the winter until April or May. It is an
excellent burrower and retreats under rocks or into damp sand, hollow rotting logs, or forest
debris, making it hard to spot. As a constrictor, this boa preys on small mammals, birds, and
lizards. It is docile and will curl into a ball when picked up.
Current Threats: Since 1971, the Southern rubber boa has been listed as one of Southern
California’s threatened species. Habitat loss is the primary cause of their decline. The main
reasons for destruction of their habitat include housing development, land development for
commercial uses, OHV activities, logging, wood gathering, and climate change.
Conservation advice: The main recommendation for conservation of the rubber boa is to get a
current count of Southern rubber boa populations in the San Bernardino Mountains. Bearpaw
seems like a good location to start doing surveys and counting rubber boa population numbers.
Finding rubber boas can be extremely difficult so this would be a major task to undertake. The
preferred temperatures to look for rubber boas would be in the 60-70 °F range, anything higher
and they will be less likely to emerge from their difficult to find homes. Rubber boas prefer
cooler temperatures and will often be found hiding under rocks, leaf litter, and rotting wood.
Rubber boas can rarely be found on the surface, they are usually hiding underneath a log or a
rock.
One method of surveying for Southern rubber boas would be to include them on a visitor
sighting survey and to encourage visitors (especially hikers that are going to more rural areas of
the Bearpaw Reserve) to report them whenever they sight them. Outdoor education and wildlife
educators could include photos of the Southern rubber boa so that visitors will be more likely to
identify the snakes if they see them. Another idea is to organize volunteers and reptile experts to
go do weekend surveys during the summer months and into September. Summer is the
recommended time to go look for these snakes because they hibernate throughout the winter and
much of the spring.
Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris)
Status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species)
Significance: Arboreal salamanders serve as a great indicator species. Because they are lungless,
they breathe through their skin. If there are pollutants in the water, the arboreal salamander will
be negatively affected. This would help researchers assess the overall health of the environment
because if the salamanders are unhealthy and declining, pollution could be impacting them and
other species in the ecosystem. TWC personnel had found some individuals, which, in our area-the dry interior Inland Empire area--is not the typical moist coastal habitat that salamanders
enjoy (Tim Krantz). As a "locally rare" and isolated species, the arboreal salamander is important
to conserve and study further.
Description: Arboreal salamanders are found in a variety of terrestrial and arboreal habitats,
including under rocks and woody surface cover, in decaying stumps and logs, in decay holes in
trees, and in rock crevices. Climbing is facilitated by expanded tips of terminal phalanges and
large subdigital pads, as well as by the prehensile tail of the arboreal salamander. Individuals
have been found over 18m above ground in trees.
Habitat Needs: The arboreal salamander’s range is limited to Central California coast regions
and northern regions of the Baja California peninsula. Disjunct populations of the salamander
also occur in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and the San Bernardino Mountains. Arboreal
salamanders occur in coastal oak woodlands from northern California to Valle Santo Tomás,
Baja California del Norte, Mexico (McPeak, 2000). The range of the arboreal salamander is
similar to the range of the oaks, Quercus agrifolia and Q. wislizenii, which relates to shared
moisture and soil requirements. However, in southern California, the species is frequently
associated with sycamores (Platanus racemosa), bordering seasonal streams. Populations have
been eliminated as coastal California habitats have been developed, but the species survives in
many urbanized regions where adequate cover is present. Arboreal salamanders can be found in
microhabitats that are drier than those of sympatric salamanders. The salamander can be found in
the California montane chaparral and woodlands, as well as in in Central and Southern California
coastal regions. This region encompasses most of the Transverse Range that includes the San
Bernardino Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains. The California montane chaparral and
woodland region consists of coastal sage scrub, lower chaparral dominated by chamise, upper
chaparral dominated by manzanita, desert chaparral, Piñon-juniper woodland, oak woodlands,
closed-cone pine forests, yellow pine forests, sugar pine-white fir forests, lodge pole pine forests,
and alpine habitats.
The most likely suitable habitat on OGP and BR would be areas near bodies of water and
streams that have moist soils and decaying stumps and logs nearby. They would also be found
near live oak trees and Jeffrey pines because they often build their nests in decaying holes in
these trees. They are excellent climbers so they can often be found in these trees or near them in
dead tree stumps.
Current Threats: The most serious threat to the arboreal salamander is habitat fragmentation
and destruction due to human development. They are a lung-less salamander that breathes
through their skin, which makes them especially vulnerable to pollution. The continuing decline
of live oaks harms the arboreal salamander because it relies on this tree for nesting.
Conservation advice: Similar to the suggestion for the southern rubber boa, a survey of current
population numbers is needed to help identify key areas for preserving this species. Also, making
sure to not cut down live oak trees and Jeffrey pines would help preserve the habitat of the
salamander and ensure that their nesting sites are not disturbed.
Conservation advice: Similar to the suggestion for the southern rubber boa, a survey of current
population numbers is needed to help identify key areas for preserving this species. Also, making
sure to not cut down live oak trees and Jeffrey pines would help preserve the habitat of the
salamander and ensure that their nesting sites are not disturbed.
4.6 1.4 BIRDS
Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo Bellii)
Status: Endangered
Description: Bell’s Vireo is a small, insectivorous, neotropical migrant that breeds in the central
and southwestern United States, and in northern parts of Mexico.1 A small portion of this species
is found in Southern California in the San Bernardino Mtns.; study area being TWC Oak Glen
and Bearpaw Reserves.
Habitat: For their breeding range, the habitat of the LBV is dense, low shrubby vegetation,
generally early successional stages in riparian areas, brushy fields, young and second-growth
forest or woodland, scrub oak, coastal chaparral, and mesquite brushlands, often near water. The
most common and critical structure component LBV habitat in California is a dense shrub layer
0.6-3.0 m above ground.2 Although there is few data on the Spring and Fall migration for the
LBV, it is known that their habitat is generally coastal shrub, riparian, and woodland habitat. As
far as their winter range, it consists of thornscrub vegetation adjacent to watercourses or riparian
gallery forests along the west coast of northern Mexico.
Based on data from the US Forest Service, the LBVs can be seen mostly on the Oak Glen
Preserve, although some have been spotted near the creek close to the Bearpaw Reserve.
Threats: High rates of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and
habitat loss and change have negatively affected nesting vireos in the southwestern United
States, causing reduction of local populations.
Conservation: In California, the Least Bell’s Vireo has been designated an Endangered Species
by the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of California, but cowbird control and
restoration of riparian habitat have recently aided its recovery.
Southwest Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax Traillii Extimus)
Status: Endangered
Description: The Willow Flycatcher is a common migratory species that breeds in a variety of
usually shrubby often wet habitats from Maine to British Columbia and as far south as southern
Arizona and southern California. The Willow Flycatcher is difficult to identify in the field, and
without vocal cues is nearly impossible to distinguish from the Alder Flycatcher, whose habitats
often overlap those of the Willow.3
Habitat: The Willow Flycatcher is primarily an aerial forager, capturing most of its insect diet
on the wing, but it may hover-glean extensively from leaf surfaces or occasionally take insects
from the ground. Much like its breeding range, the Willow Flycatcher prefers moist, shrubby
areas, often with standing or running water for its spring and fall migration. In the winter, their
habitat consist of shrubby clearings, pastures, and lighter woodlands. Like the Least Bell’s Vireo,
most of its sighting have been on the Oak Glen Preserve.
Threats: Because the Willow Flycatcher is restricted to river corridors, it is vulnerable to a
variety of human activities that may alter or degrade such habitats, activities including river
dewatering, channelization, overgrazing, dam construction, and urbanization. Critical habitat for
the subspecies was designated in the states of New Mexico, Arizona and California, where the
largest populations are known to occur.4 Parasitism of Brown-headed Cowbirds may present the
largest conservation problem for this subspecies.
Conservation: After being listed as Endangered by US Fish and Wildlife service in 1995,
detailed investigations prompted by the declining populations in the southwestern United States
include those on the costs of cowbird parasitism, population dynamics, habitat preferences, and
vocal and genetic differentiation across subspecific ranges. Mostly in California, cowbird control
has been used as a management tool for several populations of the Southwestern Willow
Flycatcher.
California Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis)
Status: Sensitive/Special Concern
Description: The Spotted Owl is one of the most studied and best-known owls in the world. This
degree of scientific attention is the result of this owl’s association with the late seral stage conifer
forests of high commercial value.5 Spotted Owls are described as three subspecies, the Northern
Spotted Owl, the California Spotted Owl, and the Mexican Spotted Owl. The subspecies known
to be seen at TWC preserves, specifically at Bearpaw, are the California Spotted Owl. This owl
is most similar to the Northern Spotted owl, but lighter brown with slightly larger white spots.
Habitat: At low elevations, the spotted owl occupies habitats dominated by hardwoods,
primarily oak. At higher elevations, owl habitats are increasingly dominated by conifers until, at
the highest of elevations, hardwoods are nearly of completely lacking. Habitats are generally
complex in structure with high canopy closures. A critical element of this complex forest
structure is the presence of large trees. There is few data on the spring and fall migration
habitats, but the wintering habitat data suggest that hardwoods become more dominant, tree
densities decrease, and shrub densities increase as the owls descend to lower elevations. The
winter habitat is closely similar to that of their breeding habitat.
Threats: Many of the Spotted Owl threats include shooting and trapping, Barred Owls,
degradation of habitat, and human/research impacts.
Conservation advice: The California subspecies of the Spotted Owl has been listed as a species
of Special Concern by the state of California. The US Forest Service has developed an
environmental impact statement for owl management. Also, there is an owl protection plan in
southern California that includes the protection of all known owl sites on federal forest land.
4.6 1.5 THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WILDLIFE:
Changes in climate may have both direct (e.g. thermal stress) and indirect (e.g. changes in
species interactions and habitat) effects on wildlife distributions and abundances. Direct effects
of climate warming are predicted to force species upslope and northward, while indirect effects
leave a more complex signature. Studies in other parts of California suggest that wildlife are
moving in response to changing climates in order to maintain environmental associations to
which they are. Species with a high degree of habitat specialization and/or a smaller natural
thermal range are more sensitive to climate change than other species and may be under more
pressure to move as climates warm. Breeding birds in southern California shifted their
distributions upward on average 377- 410 from 1979 to 2005. Most of this shift can be attributed
to up-slope encroachment by desert scrub birds rather than range contraction by chaparral birds,
suggesting that desert species may be closer to their physiological. Hargrove and Rotenberry
found that climate plays an important role in limiting the lower distributions of (higherelevation) chaparral bird species in southern California, thus excluding them from low elevation
sites, but a less important role in limiting the upper distributions of (lower-elevation) desert bird
species. Biotic interactions, such as competition and predation, play a more significant role in
limiting the upper distributions of these lower elevation species, further complicating up-slope
migrations in response to climate change.
While direct effects of climate change on the Spotted Owl may be positive (positive
reproductive output with increases in minimum nesting season temperatures), owl populations in
the San Bernardino mountains have been declining in recent years, probably due to indirect
effects such as drought, disease, and fire-induced habitat loss, as well as isolation, urbanization,
and air pollution. Another major indirect impact of climate change on wildlife populations is the
loss of synchrony between reproductive or migratory phenology and resource availability .
Breeding dates of birds like tree swallows have advanced during the last century (in the tree
swallow case, they now occur up to 9 days earlier; Dunn and Winkler 1999) which may lead to a
mismatch in timing of egg laying relative to availability of food. Shifted flowering, fruiting, and
seeding times may affect species that rely on these services. Timing of the migration of
California overwintering songbirds like Swainson's Thrush, Warbling Vireo, and Wilson's
Warbler among others has also advanced significantly since 1969. Asynchrony with animal and
insect pollinators may also become a significant problem for California plant species.
4.6. 1.6 Wildlife Conservation Recommendations
The San Bernardino Mountains, including Oak Glen Preserve and Bearpaw Reserve, are home to
a diverse variety of species. While some species, such as the American black bear and the
mountain lion, are thriving, others such as the flying squirrel and the spotted owl have dwindling
population numbers. Conservation, along with wildlife education and raising public awareness,
will be the key to preserving the many fragile species that live here. It is extremely important for
The Wildlands Conservancy to consider the habitat needs of these species while considering
other projects. Though it seems like a daunting task to be responsible for the conservation of a
multitude of species, it can be done by maintaining and protecting their habitats. There are
countless ways to promote conservation on both OGP and BR. Some examples of ways to move
forward with conservation projects include: creating a wildlife corridor/buffer zone, creating
search protocols for species of concern such as the Southern rubber boa and the kangaroo rat, use
GIS to map and mark known locations (population size, distribution, habitat use, and
preference), developing a uniformed reporting system for animal spotting, doing yearly census
counts by utilizing volunteers and forest service officials, collaborating with outside
organizations for conservation, and teaching the California Department of Fish and Game “Keep
Me Wild” campaign to visitors. These are just some of many possibilities that TWC can use to
ensure the preservation of biodiversity on their property. With these suggestions, we believe that
TWC will be able to promote the conservation of our species of concern effectively.
Invasive Species
Introduction:
Invasive plants pose a very serious threat/problem to areas such as Bearpaw Reserve and
Oak Glen Preserve. These areas are at risk because of the high diversity of plant species found
here. Invasive species can have very negative impacts on the natural ecosystem, and can end up
costing a lot of money in removals. These plants are dangerous because of their ability to thrive
outside of their natural habitats. Invasive species are able to adapt to a variety of habitats,
outcompete the native plants for resources, and are able to grow and reproduce rapidly. The
seeds that are produce often are hardy and able to withstand varying climates and environments,
along with having tough roots and stems that are able to withstand pulling and other removal
methods. Invasive have an ecological edge compared to native plants, since the insects, diseases,
and animals that normally would keep growth in check, are not present and don’t affect invasive.
Invasive plants that are present need to be managed and removed in order to protect the vast
diversity of native plants found at both Bearpaw Reserve and Oak Glen Preserve. Through the
information we have gathered and the suggestion that will be presented, a successful
management can be achieved.
Invasive Species List:
Below is a listing and descriptions of the currently known invasive species affecting
either Oak Glen, Bear Paw, or both preserve areas. The plants are identified as being of low,
moderate, or high concern:
Low concern - This indicates that the presence of the species has been confirmed but is
not visibly encroaching on native species or lacks the capacity to reproduce quickly in the
environment. It is less a danger and more a nuisance or anomaly at this point.
Moderate concern - This indicates that the invasive is damaging the ecosystem around it
and reproducing effectively. The invasive at this point has not caused extensive damage but has
the capacity to worsen if not apprehended.
High Concern - Species reproducing at an alarming rate and directly inhibiting the
survival of surrounding native plant and animal species are listed as high concern. Invasives such
as these are the main priority of management if it is still possible to inhibit or eradicate their
growth.
Puncture Vine (Tribulus terrestris)
A high concern species, Puncture vine is an early summer annual that is characterized by
its heavily spiked seed pods. It has been reported in both Oak Glen and Bearpaw. Puncture vine
flowers and produces seed in the warm season typically following rainfall. After the plant has
flowered it will produce hundreds of the spiky achenes which spread out easily by attaching to
animals, people, machinery, as well as floating downstream when growing around flowing water.
Effective management of Puncture Vine involves acting on the plant before it flowers in the
spring. Roots do not regenerate, so cutting/hoeing/pulling is effective.
Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus Armeniacus)
An invasive of high concern along the streams of Oak Glen, Himalayan Blackberry is
one of the most widespread invasive species in the conservancy area. They easily crowd areas
with moist soil and push out native species. Sightings of a few plants in Bearpaw have been
confirmed. Himalayan Blackberries are typically spring blooming perennials. The plant produces
seeds and can produce roots directly from cane apices, so it spreads rapidly even without much
seed dispersal. Himalayan blackberry seeds are proliferated in the thousands per square meter.
The seeds are widely distributed by birds and other animals that eat the berries. Protected by a
thick coating, the seeds can survive digestion and remain viable for several years in soil.
Shortpod Mustard (Hirschfeldia Incana)
This species is considered to be of high concern. It is an annual, biennial, and short lived
perennial that has become pervasive in Oak Glen especially in the Sacred Springs Area between
Reflection Pond & Hidden Hollow. Its seeds are dispersed from the parent plant nearby and
farther by animal or human activity. The seeds appear to remain viable for several years.
Longspine Sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus)
This high concern invasive species is an annual grass with barbed seeds easily dispersed
by animal and human activity. It is highly competitive as it is able to grow in soils of varying
moisture and inhabits recently disturbed areas often laden with human activity.
Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare)
Found along the stream trail in Oak Glen, this invasive species is considered to be of
high concern. It is a perennial or biennial plant growing for its first year as a rosette without
flowering, and in its second year growing flowers and dispersing its seed in the late summer or
fall. It produces only by seed and individual plants die as soon as they have produced the seeds.
Many seeds are produced and dropped close to the parent plant where they may remain viable
within the soil for several years. Without a long life-span Bull Thistle relies on the quantity of its
seed dispersal which can total tens of thousands of seeds per individual plant. Before flowering,
a fleshy taproot is grown into the soil from the plant as low as 30 inches.
Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis)
Sweet clover has been reported in both Oak Glen and only recently in Bearpaw. It is an
invasive of moderate concern at this point, as it is spreading. Sweet Clover is a summer
biennial, and has a strong taproot. New plants do not flower or seed the first year, the second
year and onward they become flowering bushes that crowd and shade native vegetation.
Flowering anywhere between April and September, sweet clover produces seeds only in their
second year of life. Only one or two seeds are produced per flower but they may remain viable
for up to thirty years.
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)
This species has been seen in both Bearpaw and Oak Glen. Black mustard is a winter
annual that reproduces by seeds. The seeds of this plant are harvested to make table mustard, so
their use and growth has infiltrated most all of the United States as well as other nations.
Concerns of its hazard to ecosystems include its production of allelopathic chemicals that
prevent native plants from growing in the same areas. The other concern is that the die off of
black mustard results in an increase in fire hazard. This is an invasive of moderate concern.
Filaree (Erodium)
This species has been found in Oak Glen as well as Bearpaw. It is a low growing winter
annual broadleaf plant that reproduces by seed. Its seeds alter their shape depending upon the
amount of moisture in the area and are effective at spreading. It is an invasive species of
moderate concern.
Russian Thistle (Salsola)
Russian is a noxious annual broadleaf common in California and prefers growing in loose
sandy soil. Russian Thistle poses numerous threats to surrounding life. Growing in the right
conditions, this weed can become toxic and deadly to grazing livestock. When dried out it
increases the potential for wildfire damage. It can host the beet leafhopper, a vector known to
carry the virus for curly top disease in crops like melons, tomatoes, and sugar beets. It is an
invasive species of moderate concern. It reproduces by seed which can germinate as low as 2.5
inches deep.
Blessed Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
An annual or biennial broadleaf low growing herb commonly used medicinally, the
blessed milk thistle grows throughout disturbed areas in California agriculture lands. It is known
to become toxic to livestock under drought conditions and has been unsuccessfully treated
biologically with the use of a seed-eating weevil. It is newly occurring in Oak Glen and its seeds
are produced quickly. It is an invasive species of moderate concern.
Chinese Trees of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
Chinese Trees of Heaven are deciduous trees that typically live for a little over 30 years
but their reproductive habits keep them in areas far longer though. They reproduce via seeds as
well as root sprouts. As long as they are growing in open and sunny areas, they can spread easily
and create monoculture sites that kill off native plants. This invasive species is considered a
moderate concern.
Ripgut Brome (Bromus Diandrus)
Ripgut brome is a cool season annual grass that can grow in disturbed and undisturbed
ecosystems in soils of varying moisture. The hazards it poses include crowding out native
species and becoming a fire hazard when dried out. Its flowers are spiked and can injure animals
that attempt to consume them. Ripgut Brome produces seeds and is a species of moderate
concern.
Tumble Mustard (Sisymbrium Altissimum)
Tumble Mustard is a broadleaf winter or summer annual plant. It reproduces by seed and
can break at the base once matured. The broken off stem allows for the wind to relocate the stem
and spread the seeds as it tumbles around (hence the name Tumble Mustard). This species can
easily spread and thus is of moderate concern.
Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum)
Cheatgrass is a winter annual that has a brief lifespan. What makes it an effective invader
is that in its brief life cycle it produces many seeds. Large seed banks can develop in the areas it
grows in as seeds continually drop from the parent plant. Seeds are sharp and reside high in the
seed heads where they can explode outward and attach to animals when hit or brushed against.
The plant dies as early as mid-June where it then dries out and become a fire hazard. This species
is considered a moderate concern.
Wooly Mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.)
An erect biennial herb, this plant has infiltrated open and sunny areas in Oak Glen as it
does not grow in shade. Its first year of life it is a tap rooted leafy shrub and in its second year it
flowers and drops its own seeds mechanically in order to be spread by animals. This species is
capable of intense seed production with a single plant being estimated to produce over 100,000
seeds. Each of those seeds is also capable of remaining viable for 100 years. Mullein has spread
in every part of the continental United States as well as Alaska and Hawaii as a result of its
massive seed production. The impact on native species is primarily the crowding of soil and the
prevention of native plants growing freely in the area. This species is considered a moderate
concern.
English Ivy (Hedera helix L)
English Ivy is an evergreen climbing vine that grows on nearly any vertical surface
natural or man-made. When growing on trees, it has the capacity to kill branches by causing
shade from the mass of its leaves. Growing on the ground, the English Ivy crowds out native
species and creates monoculture spaces. It also harbors Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella
fastidiosa), which is a pathogen that can kill trees such elms, oaks, and maples. It can reproduce
either by broken segments of stem reaching soil apart from the main plant or by seeds it also
produces that are carried off by birds. This species is considered a moderate concern.
Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola)
Prickly Lettuce is found in Oak Glen and recently has been found in small amounts in
Bearpaw. It is a species of low concern but grows easily in moist disturbed areas. Commonly a
biennial, it blooms annually in Oak Glen in the early summer. The taproot is large and it
reproduces by seed.
Periwinkle (Vinca Minor)
The common periwinkle is currently occurring only in Oak Glen. It is a perennial
evergreen vine, and is only known to reproduce by seed in its native region of the Mediterranean.
In California it has only been reported as spreading via arching stolons, which reach from the
parent plant and take root in any direction. A combination of no seed production, a need for
moist soil, and sensitivity to extreme cold or heat makes this an invasive species of low concern.
Invasive Species Control, Removal and Prevention:
Due to invasive species extremely disruptive behavior, they have the ability to
eradicate entire species and majorly harm ecosystems. In addition, invasive species can cost a
significant amount of money to control and as such, invasive species are immensely undesirable.
A reservation’s overall goal should be to control, remove, and prevent invasive species in the
future. While ideal, removing the current invasive species is not always obtainable. In order to
control and prevent, it is vital to create monitoring systems to assess new infestations, and utilize
techniques that will discourage the growth of future invasive species.
One method of removal includes simply pulling and digging. When digging up
invasive species, it is largely important to remove as much as the root as possible, in order to
eliminate the possibility of it growing back. To remove larger plants with thicker roots, it is
advised you utilize tools built for the purpose of uprooting plants. Additionally, removing these
plants becomes easiest during the spring when soil is wet and they will be uprooted with less
difficulty.
Chemicals can also be useful in the prevention and removal of certain invasive
species. Although chemicals are extremely useful, they can also be potentially dangerous. It is
important to keep the application of these chemicals controlled, as they can harm other plants in
the ecosystem other than the invasive species. The two most commonly used chemicals are
glyphosate and triclopyr. Glyphosate kills all species of plants, while triclopyr does not kill
grasses, orchids, along with a few other examples. The use of chemicals is highly controversial,
and as such should be used with extreme caution. Proper execution and care is necessary, and
chemicals should mainly be used if there are no other options.
Suffocation can also be used for certain situations involving invasive species.
This requires taking a tarp and spreading it on top of the designated area. Stakes are driven into
the sides of the tarp, allowing complete coverage of the species inside. Although this process can
take up to two years, it doesn’t use any chemicals or harm areas that are nearby it. However, all
plants underneath the tarp will be killed off within the timeframe, even non-invasive species.
Specifically for the Himalayan Blackberry, it is optimal to mechanically remove
them or possibly burn them. It should be made sure that nothing is left behind, to ensure the
blackberries are unable to grow back. Most mechanical tools such as cutting or using a weed
wench work well for this, and it can be useful to burn the leftover cuttings. Disking is another
technique that is used. It involves the use of a disk or harrow to disturb the soil, preventing the
formation of shrubs or trees. Digging with your hands can also be effective, however slow.
Again, it is still necessary to do a thorough job and destroy the plants roots. The use of fire can
be used for large thickets, however it is important to retrace the area to ensure new seeds are
unable to sprout. Goats have been successfully used to stop the spread of Himalayan Blackberry.
Allowing them to graze in Himalayan Blackberry infested areas, they will pick away at the
invasive species. Picloram and Fosamine have been noted to be possible options for Himalayan
Blackberry removal, however, the success of these methods varies greatly and can cause harm
towards other species. The success of chemicals is greater in some seasons rather than others.
To remove goatheads, you do not need to pull out the roots, as the roots do not
regenerate, simply cut off the stem. Seeds can remain in the ground for up to six years, so be sure
to sweep or rake the ground to remove them. Placing carpet along the ground can help collect
seeds as well. In order to prevent seed germination, picloram or chlorosulfuron canbe used in late
winter. For biological control, the puncturevine stem weevil can be utilized.
For shortpod mustard, seeds can remain in soil for several years. Unfortunately,
most herbicides are not entirely effective on this invasive species. However, glyphosate can be
used on early/post emergence of small plants. Manually removing the plants is the ideal method,
specifically while they are seeding. If kept up, manually removing the plants and seeds will
exterminate the invasive species within a few years.
Conclusion/Recommendation:
The current method/system of removal is somewhat successful, but is not uniformed,
which makes reproducing the same method difficult. The removal of some of the invasive plants
before they start to seed seems to be successful. Our suggestion is to continue the removal of
these harmful plants when they first start to grow/ before they mature and begin to seed. Another
suggestion is the utilization of a mapping and recording protocol, much like that of IERCD
mapping protocol. The IERCD Protocol creates a uniformed system of: Recording where
invasive species are geographically located, Track the success of removal and management
efforts, track the spread of the invasive species, and the decrease in percentage of cover/infested
area. By having a universal system, staff can return to the same sites each season to ensure
problem areas are taken care of, along with having a universal method of recording/ reporting
new outbreaks.