Download Sectionalism Powerpoint

Sectionalism
Regional Conflict and Attempts at
Compromise.
or
Events Leading to the Civil War.
Early Efforts to Abolish Slavery
(1774 – 1804)
In 1777 Vermont wrote a state constitution
abolishing slavery.
 State constitutions were written in
Massachusetts in 1780, and by New Hampshire
in 1783, which implied the abolition of slavery.
 Gradual abolition was begun in Pennsylvania in
1780, in Rhode Island and Connecticut in 1784,
in New York in 1799, and in New Jersey in 1804.

Early Efforts to Abolish Slavery
(1774 – 1804)
 The
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
outlawed slavery north of the Ohio and
east of the Mississippi, including the
present states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of
Minnesota.
The Abolitionists
William Lloyd Garrison
He published The Liberator (1831)
 Garrison was a radical abolitionist who
published an anti-slavery newspaper in
Boston. He called for an immediate end to
slavery and portrayed slave owners as
evil.

“Let Southern oppressors tremble…..”
“In defending the great cause of human rights, I wish to
derive the assistance of all religions and of all parties.”
“….. I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not
excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE
HEARD.”

The Grimke Sisters
– Among the first women to
speak out against slavery
– They were Southern women
who freed their slaves

Frederick Douglass
– Former slave
– Edited the antislavery
newspaper, The North Star
– Best known African-American
abolitionist
The Grimke Sisters
Frederick Douglass
Theodore Weld (1803–1895)

Theodore Weld became a preacher after meeting the Methodist preacher
Charles G. Finney in 1825.

In 1830 he took up the fight against slavery, and was one of the founders
of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.

In 1836 Weld trained a band of 70 abolitionists, including his future wife,
Angelina Grimké, a writer of anti-slavery stories.

Weld went to Washington and became a lobbyist in Congress for the antislavery cause. Weld also was an adviser to John Quincy Adams when
Adams tried to introduce a constitutional amendment against slavery.

Weld's was one of the major voices in the pre-Civil War abolitionist
movement. One of his works, American Slavery As It Is, published
anonymously in 1839, was the basis of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle
Tom's Cabin.
Sojourner Truth
(Isabella Van Wagener)
(1797?-1883)
She was born a slave and became the most famous
antislavery spokeswoman. In 1843 she said that
God called upon her to "travel up and down the
land" and preach his word. She changed her name
to Sojourner (meaning traveler) Truth and set out
on a lecture tour to speak out about religion,
slavery, and women's issues. Although she could
neither read nor write, she was a captivating orator.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
1. Describe the event.
2. How did Southerners react to the event?
Fear and Slave Rebellions
Fear of slave rebellions haunted whites who lived where
slaves were numerous:
1739 – Led by a slave named Cato, Stono Plantation, South Carolina,
74 killed.
1801 – A slave Gabriel Prosser, urged blacks to rebel and march on
Richmond , Virginia. The plan failed, he was caught and hanged.
1822 – Denmark Vesey, a free black, was convicted of trying to
organize on uprising in Charleston, South Carolina. Vesey and 36
others were executed.
Southern Reaction To Nat Turner’s Rebellion





Many southern states made it difficult for planters to free
their slaves.
In some states free blacks were required to live in cities,
far from the plantations. In Virginia, freed slaves had to
leave the state.
Most southern states made teaching a slave to read a
crime.
Slaves off the plantation had to carry passes.
Slave patrols could stop and search any black, at
gunpoint.
Underground Railroad (c. 1835)
What was it?
How did it operate?
How did this event create bad
feelings between Northerners in Free
States and Southerners in Slave
States?
Constitutional Convention
(1787)



3/5 Compromise
In 1808 the importation of slaves end
(Art. 1, Sec. #2)
Fugitive Slave Laws (Art. 4, Sec.#2)
Power in Government

North - favored strong National
Government

South - favored strong State
Governments
Nullification and Secession
1798 – 1799 “Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions”
They were written by Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison in reaction to the Sedition Acts (Alien and
Sedition Acts).
 Jefferson argued that states had the power to “nullify”
laws passed by Congress if Congress acted outside the
powers given to it in the Constitution.
 These resolutions were considered some of the first
arguments for states’ rights.

Hartford Convention (1814)
In December of 1814 delegates from 5 New
England states met in Hartford Connecticut
to protest the War of 1812.
 Power had shifted from the Federalist Party
to the Republican Party.
 Some Federalists suggested that states could
refuse to send militia into service.
 Some Federalists suggested secession from
the Union.

The Balance of Power
In the United States Senate in 1819 Free
States and Slave States were equally
represented. How would the admission of
Missouri as a state change the balance of
power in the Senate?
Missouri Compromise (1820)



Missouri entered the union as a slave
state.
Maine entered the union as a free state.
(This maintained the balance of power between free and slave
states in the Senate at 12 each.)
Slavery not allowed in the remainder of
the Louisiana Purchase north of 36
degrees 30’ (the southern border of
Missouri.)
Tariff of Abominations (1828)



In 1828 Congress passed an unusually
high protective tariff. Some
manufactured goods from Europe had a
tariff as high as 50%.
The tariff protected Northern factories
from competition with European
manufacturers.
Northerners generally favored high
protective tariffs.
Southern reaction:
 Southerners did not benefit from the tariff.
 Most Southerners wanted the option of buying
goods from Europe.
 Southerners were afraid that European powers
would place a tariff on their cotton making it
too expensive (e.g. no more King Cotton).
 John C. Calhoun, wrote his South Carolina
Exposition and Protest. Calhoun said that
states had the right to nullify any federal law it
didn’t like.



1833 South Carolina nullified a slightly
lower tariff passed by Congress.
Congress, at the request of President
Jackson, passed the Force Bill. South
Carolina Nullified it as well and said it
would fight any army that invaded the
state.
Henry Clay worked out a compromise in
Congress which removed some of the
taxes and South Carolina rescinded its
nullification.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
What was it?
How did this event create bad
feelings between Northerners in Free
States and Southerners in Slave
States?
Compromise of 1850





Proposed by Henry Clay (“Great Peacemaker”)
California enters the Union as a free state.
In the remainder of the Mexican Cession the
states would decide the slavery issue for
themselves. Popular sovereignty would decide
the issue in the Utah Territory (Nevada and
Utah) and in the New Mexico Territory (Arizona
and New Mexico).
Stricter fugitive slave laws were passed
No slave trade in the District of Columbia
The story opens in Kentucky. To satisfy a
debt, Arthur Shelby is obliged to sell his
faithful slave Tom, a devoutly religious man,
and a child Harry, son of Eliza. Hearing that
her child is to be sold away from her, Eliza
escapes and, after a desperate flight across
the ice of the Ohio River reaches safety
among the Quakers of the Underground
Railroad. Later, her husband, George Harris,
joins her. Tom, while on a Mississippi River
steamboat taking him to be sold downriver,
saves from drowning Eva, the young
daughter of a wealthy Louisiana planter,
Augustine St. Clare. In gratitude, St. Clare
buys Tom as a household servant, but after
St. Clare's death Tom is sold to Simon
Legree, the brutal owner of a Red River
plantation. There the final acts of the
tragedy take place, as young George Shelby
arrives too late to redeem his old favorite
servant.
Ferguson, DeLancey. "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly."
Encyclopedia Americana. 2008.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a fictional novel
about slavery that became a best-seller.
 The novel portrayed slave owners in a very
negative way.
 Southerners were very critical of the author and
her work.
 Many Northerners, after reading the novel,
became critical of the institution of slavery.

Below is an except from a book review of Uncle Tom’s Cabin which appeared in
the Liberator. Garrison shares with his readers some of Stowe’s motives for
writing the novel.
First, let the author speak for herself, as she
does in her Preface:—"The object of these
sketches is to awaken sympathy and feeling for
the African race, as they exist among us; to
show their wrongs and sorrows, under a system
so necessarily cruel and unjust all to defeat and
do away the good effects of all that can be
attempted for them, by their best friends, under
it……
The Liberator
Unsigned, William Lloyd Garrison
Boston: 26 March 1852
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Popular sovereignty would decide the
legality of slavery in the Kansas and
Nebraska Territories.

The 36 deg. 30’ line was no longer the
rule (This voids the Missouri Compromise).
Bleeding Kansas (1855-56)

Pro-slavery v. anti-slavery forces

Some say the first shots of the Civil War
were actually fired in Kansas (Bleeding
Kansas)
Dred Scott (1857)

A slave named Dred Scott
sued for his freedom
claiming that, because
his master took him into
a free territory, he was
no longer a slave.
The Supreme Court ruled:
1. Scott had no right to
sue because he was a slave
and not a citizen.
2. Chief Justice Roger
Taney declared that
Congress had no right to
regulate private property in
the territories.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858
Abraham Lincoln



Republican
Not very well known
Against the expansion of
slavery into the territories
Stephen Douglas



Democrat
Champion of popular
sovereignty
Well known “Little Giant”
Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858
Abraham Lincoln

“A house divided against
itself cannot stand….It
will become all one thing
or all another.”
Stephen Douglas

The issue of slavery in
the territories should be
decided through popular
sovereignty.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858
Abraham Lincoln
How can you support
popular sovereignty when
the Supreme Court has
ruled against it?
 The government is being
controlled by ‘Slavocrats.’

Stephen Douglas

Territorial legislatures can
refuse to pass laws that
protect the rights of slave
owners. (This becomes
known as the Freeport
Doctrine.)
Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858
Abraham Lincoln

The real issue is
“between the men who
think slavery a wrong and
those who do not think it
wrong. The Republican
Party thinks it wrong.”
Stephen Douglas

Mr. Lincoln wants African
- Americans to be fully
equal to whites.
John Brown’s Raid (1859)
Describe the event:
How did this event create bad
feelings between Northerners in Free
States and Southerners in Slave
States?
Presidential Election of 1860

The Democratic and Whig Parties had split over the issue of
Slavery.

Democrats run two candidates:
Northerner - Douglas
Southerner - Breckinridge

The Constitutional Union Party formed from remnants of
the Whig Party and chose John Bell of Tennessee as their
candidate.

Republicans nominate Lincoln

Lincoln elected - votes came from one part of the country:
the North

South Carolina seceded (Dec. 20, 1860)