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Italian and Northern Renaissance
Identify:
1. Niccolò Machiavelli - (1469-1527) most revered for his work The Prince, which is
modeled after Cesar Borgia, a prince of the papal states, carries the essential meaning
that the “ends justifies the means”-model for modern day politics
2. Johannes Gutenberg – (1398-1468) German, c. 1454, created the printing press
process that, with refinements and increased mechanization, remained the principal
means of printing until the late 20th century. His method of printing from movable
type, including the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks,
allowed for the first time the mass production of printed books
3. Donatello - (b. 1386) famous Florentine artist and sculptor of the early Renaissance,
his major work was the bronze David – the first male, bronze, free-standing nude since
antiquity
4. Filippo Brunelleschi - (b. 1377) a great Florentine architect in the Italian
Renaissance, his most noted work was that of the dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore
basilica (Saint Mary of the Flowers), or Il Duomo (The Dome)
5. Henry VII of England- King of England, Lord of Ireland (r. 1485-1509), was the
founder and first patriarch of the Tudor dynasty, father to Henry VIII
6. Lorenzo Valla- (c.1406-1457) Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator, among his
most noted works are De Voluptate and De Elegantiis Latinae Linguae, both
examining the rules of Latin grammar and style, with his expertise in Latin he wrote
On the False Donation of Constantine, proving the supposed temporal power of the
Pope false because the original document saying so could not have been written during
the 4th century instead most likely the 8th centruy
7. Pico della Mirandola- (b. 1463) Italian Renaissance humanist philosopher, who, in
1486, proposed to defend 900 Theses on religion and natural philosophy, for which he
wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man, a key text of Renaissance humanism
8. Raphael- (b. 1483) master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance, most
famous work is the School of Athens, situated in the Pope’s library in the Vatican,
featuring Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Euclid, Pythagoras, Ptolemy etc…
9. Michelangelo- (b.1475) Renaissance artist and sculptor, among his many works
include the fresco ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the Last Judgment (in which he
portrays himself as St. Bartholomew’s flayed skin), the marble David and the Pieta,
depicting Mary with her slain Son, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, and the dome of St. Peter’s
Basilica – one of the greatest, artists, sculptor, and architect of all times
10. Leonardo da Vinci- (b. 1452) Italian Renaissance architect, painter, inventor, and
sculptor (among others), universal genius, most famous works are The Last
Supper and the Mona Lisa, also the sketch of the Vitruvian man – considered to
be the Renaissance Man
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11. Desiderius Erasmus—(b. 1466) Dutch humanist and theologian, most famous work
was The Praise of Folly – sarcasm and criticism of the Roman Catholic Church
12. Cosimo de’Medici—(1434-1464) the first of the Medici political dynasty who ruled
Florence during most of the Italian Renaissance, aka Cosimo the Elder
13. Girolamo Savonarola-- Italian Dominican priest, ruler of Florence (for a short
time), known for strict religion reformation, preaching against the Renaissance, etc,
excommunicated in 1497, hanged and burned in 1498 for his criticism of a secular
society
14. Pope Julius II—Pope from 1503-1513, commonly known as the “warrior Pope”,
under his papacy, the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica began, Michelangelo sculpted
the tomb of Pope Julius II
15. Pope Alexander VI-- Rodrigo Borgia, Pope from 1492-1503, very controversial and
one of the most unpopular Popes of the Renaissance, very corrupt in that any
opposition to him was punishable by death, offices were easily sold to many, and the
sale of indulgences was widely used to benefit his wealth, he was so unpopular that the
priests of St. Peter’s Basilica refused to accept his body for burial until forced, bribed
the College of Cardinals and had illegitimate children – one of which was Cesar
Borgia – hero of The Prince
16. Giotto di Bondone– very early Italian painter and architect, seen as a key artist
between the late middle ages and the Renaissance, his most celebrated work is that of
the Arena Chapel cycle in Padua depicting Mary and Jesus’ life, finished in 1305,
created the tower of St. Mary of the Flowers in Florence
17. Jan van Eyck– (1385-1440) 15th century painter, believed to have perfected oil
painting, most celebrated for his Ghent Altarpiece and the Arnolfini Portrait; Duke
Philip of Burgundy was his patron
18. Hubert van Eyck– (1366-1426) older brother of Jan van Eyck, principal
masterpiece is that of the "Adoration of the Lamb", a part of the Ghent Altarpiece
20. Sandro Botticelli- (1445-1510) Italian painter of the early Renaissance, painted
many female nudes including The Birth of Venus and Primavera- a good example of
antiquity as subject matter
21. Louis XI of France- (r. 1461-1483) King of France, part of the Valois Dynasty,
successful king due to his ability to unite the country
22. Lorenzo the Magnificent – (1469-92) Italian diplomat and indirect ruler of Florence
during the Renaissance, very successful in keeping the various Italian states united,
survived an assassination attempt, great patron of the Renaissance artists
23. Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca)- (1304-1374) considered one of the father of
Humanism, his best-known work is his Latin poetry such as Sonnets to Laura
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24. Isabella d’Este- (1474-1539) important cultural and political figure and one of the
leading women of the Renaissance, ruled Mantua as a regent for her younger son later
in life
25. Lorenzo Ghiberti – (1378-1455) Italian artist of the early Renaissance, best known
for his sculpting, including The Gates of Paradise, depicting 10 scenes from the Old
Testament – baptistery doors of St. Mary of the Flowers (Florence)
27. Baldassare Castiglione - (1478-1529) very important Renaissance author, his most
famous work is The Book of the Courtier, defining the ideal Renaissance man and
setting the standard for the "well-rounded" man
28. François Rabelais- French Renaissance writer, most famous work is Gargantua, in
1532, about a man and his son, both giants; a satire that pokes fun at certain monastic
traditions
29. Charles VII of France- (r. 1422-1461) with the goading of Joan of Arc, this French
king created a strong French army to liberate France from English rule
30. Cesare Borgia- the appointed commander of the papal armies, he was exiled to
Spain in 1504 and died in 1507; he is the hero in Machiavelli’s The Prince
31. Jacob Fugger- "The Rich", a very wealthy Renaissance banker, HRE – Augsburg,
he also gave Charles V enough money to bribe the seven electors in order to make him
HRE Emperor, coined their own money, lent money to Albrect - in order to become
Archbishop of Mainz – indulgences sold to repay the money
35. Thomas Aquinas- (1227-74) Italian Catholic philosopher, canonized in 1323, his
great work is Summa Theologicae, made as a manual for beginners in basic theological
teachings of the time, and including five ways to prove that God exists
36. Jan Hus- (1370-1415) a precursor to the Protestant Reformation, he was
excommunicated in 1411 and burned at the stake in 1415 for his criticism of the
Roman Catholic Church
37. John Wyclif- (1324-84) English theologian and early advocate of reform in the
Roman Catholic Church, another precursor to the Protestant Reformation, although not
as much as Hus; also made an English translation of the Bible
38. Thomas B Kempis- (1380-1471) medieval Christian monk, wrote Imitation of
Christ, a book about Christian devotion
39. Albrecht Dürer- (1471-1528) German painter and engraver; most famous works are
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and Adam and Eve
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Identify the authors of the following texts:
1. The Book of the Courtier- Baldassare Castiglione
2. Oration on the Dignity of Man- Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
3. The Prince- Niccolo Machiavelli
4. Gargantua- Francois Rabelais
5. Praise of Folly- Erasmus
6. Don Quixote- Miguel de Cervantes
7. Decameron- Giovanni Boccaccio
8. On Pleasure- Lorenzo Valla
9. Utopia- Thomas More
Identify the creators of the following works of art:
1. Last Supper – Leonardo Da Vinci
2. Statue of David – Michelangelo
3. Primavera – Sandro Botticelli
4. The Birth of Venus – Sandro Botticelli
5. Pietá – Michelangelo
6. Mona Lisa – Leonardo Da Vinci
7. Portrait of Henry VIII – Hans Holbein
8. The Sistine Chapel – Michelangelo
9. Foundling Hospital, Florence - Brunelleschi
10. Florence baptistery - Ghiberti
11. Madonna and Child – Giovanni Bellini
12. Medici Chapel, Florence – Michelangelo
13. Four Horesemen of the Apocalypse – Albrecht Durer
14. The Peasants’ Wedding – Pieter Bruegel
Identify the Following Concepts or Events:
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1. Quattrocento – artistic and cultural events of the 1400’s which contain artistic
styles of the late middle ages and early Renaissance. The artists used the classical
forms of art (Greek and Roman) instead of the Medieval forms. It marked the
beginning of Renaissance art
2. Cinquecento – artistic and cultural events of the 1500’s which saw a refinement
of the Quattrocento art. It was more humanistic in nature than the quattrocento art.
3. Virtu – the strive for excellence in the world that arose during the Renaissance
4. Humanism – placing an emphasis on human beings, their achievements,
interests, and capabilities.
5. Popolo - The non-noble working classes, found in Italy, that was further divided
into the popolo grasso and the popolo minuto.
6. Reconquista – the reestablishment of Christian rule in Spain rather than Islamic
rule – to take back – expel Muslims and Jews
7. Hanseatic League – an alliance of trading guilds that held a monopoly over the
Baltic sea of northern Europe from the 1200’s to the 1600’s
8. Oligarchy – a type of government prominent in Renaissance Italy in which a
small number of nobles ruled a city state
9. The Hundred Years’ War – a series of conflicts held beginning in 1337 and
ending in 1453 that were started when Edward III, the closest living male relative
to the deceased king of France was barred from the throne due to salic law, a
French unwritten doctrine stating that rule can only be passed through an
unbroken male line. He therefore claimed the throne as his own and fought to
obtain it. The French won. English claim to land, Joan of Arc, canon and long
bow used, in the end English – Calias was the only land controlled
10. Habsburg-Valois Wars – also called the Italian War of 1547, which was started
when Henry II, wanting the French to dominate Europe, invaded Italy. It ended
with the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in which Henry renounced his claim to Italy
11. Neo-Platonism – Plato successors and their struggle with the proper
interpretation of his thoughts Dialogues
12. Secularism – placing more of an emphasis on material possessions rather that
spiritual things
13. Mannerism – a style of painting with strong emotion that occurred in the mid to
late 1500’s. The paintings are known for showing extreme sophistication,
complexity, and novelty.
14. Perspective – painting looks like what is seen out of the eye and appears threedimensional, objects far away are smaller and objects at an angle are distorted –
Masaccio
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15. Signoria – “lordship” a government run by a lord or despot – replace republican
forms of gov’t by force or agreement
16. Republic – a government in Italy with representation from the wealthy in the city
state that was based on the Roman republic
17. City-state – a region controlled exclusively by a city, usually having sovereignty.
They were common in Germany and Italy before their respective unifications in
the 1800’s
18. Council of Constance – (1414-1418) a council of the Roman Catholic Church
called by the Emperor Sigismund to end the Schism. Held from late 1414 to mid
1418. The council forced all three popes to resign and Pope Martin V was elected
19. Peace of Lodi – (1454) a treaty that ended a war of succession between Venice,
Milan, and Florence thus establishing a balance of power – negotiated by Pope
Nicholas V
20. New Monarch – rulers of European nations in the 1400’s that unified their
countries making them more stable – moving towards the modern nation state
21. Black Death – 1340’s - a pandemic of the bubonic plague that killed from 1/3 - ½
of the European population resulting in a rise in wages and a change in the mind
set of people to live in the moment, carried by the fleas of black rats on ships –
people began to want to live for the moment
22. Babylonian Captivity – the period between 1309 and 1377 in which Pope
Boniface VIII, who had issued a Papal bull stating that Philip IV of France could
not tax clergy Philip had Boniface arrested and Boniface died soon after Pope
Clement V was elected but he stayed in Avignon in France. Each Pope after him
until 1378 lived in Avignon – 7 Popes
23. Great Schism – in 1378, Pope Gregory IX moved back to Rome, but the clergy at
Avignon elected Pope Clement VII. The Schism continued until 1414 when it was
ended by the Council of Constance
24. Council of Pisa – a council that was called to end the Schism and elected a third
Pope. However, the Pope in Rome and the Pope in Avignon both refused to
recognize him and Catholicism now had three popes badly damaging Papal
prestige