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Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
Anatomy
Laboratory
Manual
Dr. Christina G. von der Ohe
Spring 2009
Santa Monica College
1
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
2
Table of Contents
Course Material
Page
Syllabus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3
Calendar ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
6
Lab 1: Introduction to Anatomy ……………………………………………………………….
8
Lab 2: Cell Biology …………………………………………………………………………………….
11
Lab 3: Tissues ……………………………………………………………………………………………
15
Lab 4: Integumentary System …………………………………………………………………..
17
Lab 5: Introduction to Skeletal System …………………………………………………….
20
Lab 6: Axial Skeleton …………………………………………………………………………………
23
Lab 7: Appendicular Skeleton ……………………………………………………………………
26
Lab 8: Articulations ………………………………………………………………………………….
29
Lab 9: Introduction to Muscular System ……………………………………………………
32
Lab 10: Axial Muscles ……………………………………………………………………………….
34
Lab 11: Appendicular Muscles ………………………………………………………………….
36
Lab 12: Cat Dissection ………………………………………………………………………………
43
Lab 13: Introduction to Nervous System ………………………………………………….
45
Lab 14: Brain …………………………………………………………………………………………….
48
Lab 15: Spinal Cord and PNS …………………………………………………………………….
52
Lab 16: Autonomic Nervous System ………………………………………………………….
55
Lab 17: General and Special Senses …………………………………………………………
57
Lab 18: Endocrine System …………………………………………………………………………
60
Lab 19: Blood and Heart ……………………………………………………………………………
64
Lab 20: Blood Vessels …………………….…………………………………………………………
67
Lab 21: Lymphatic System ……………………………………………………………………….
70
Lab 22: Respiratory System ……………………………………………………………………..
73
Lab 23: Digestive System ………………………………………………………………………….
76
Lab 24: Urinary System …………………………………………………………………………….
79
Lab 25: Reproductive System ……………………………………………………………………
82
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
3
Anatomy 1: Human Anatomy
Instructor:
Christina G. von der Ohe, PhD, Professor, Dept. of Life Sciences
Office: SC-261
Phone: (310) 434-4662
Email: [email protected]
Office hrs: MW 2:30-4:00; Tu 11:00-12:00 SC-261
Meeting:
Lecture TTh 7:45-10:50 SC-224
Student
Learning
Objectives:
1. Name the systems of the human body, their general
functions, the major organs that make up these systems, and
the general contribution each organ makes to the system.
2. Identify microscopically and describe the structure and basic
function of the tissue and cell types used to make up the
major organs of the human body.
Required
Textbooks:
Human Anatomy, F. Martini, M. Timmons, B. Tallitsch, 6th ed.
Anatomy Laboratory Manual, C. von der Ohe
Required
Materials:
5 scantrons #882E and a #2 pencil
4 quiz scantrons
Dissection kit and disposable gloves
Recommended: colored pens and a protective garment
Resources:
Learning Resource Center and Computer Lab
Cayton Center Student Computer Lab
Textbook resources at http://www.aw-bc.com/applace
Attendance:
Roll will be taken at the START of every session. Participation
points will be awarded only to students who are on time to
class and stay until class is dismissed. Students who are absent
for two consecutive meetings or to the first exam without
informing the professor with a valid excuse will be dropped
from the roster.
Drop Dates:
Drop dates are listed in your catalog. You are responsible for
your enrollment status and the dates and deadlines on the SMC
admissions website and schedule of classes.
Make-ups:
There will be no make-ups for in-class assignments. Only one
exam can be made up under extreme circumstances and with
instructor consent BEFORE the start of the exam. The make-up
exam must be completed before the next exam. The lab
practical make-up will be based on digital photos of the in-class
practical. The final exam cannot be made up.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
4
Course
Layout:
We will start with an extra credit opening question. Then there
will be a lecture. The PowerPoint slides will be posted to
ecompanion before the lecture. You are welcome to print the
slides before class and take notes on them. After a 20-minute
break, we will resume with the laboratory component of the
class. Bring your lab manual and your text to every class
session. You are required to read the lab manual before coming
to class. The lab is based on stations, through which your group
will rotate. There will be a mix of traditional learning stations
(identification and worksheets) and creative learning stations
(drawing, games). At the end of the lab, everyone will pitch in
to clean up the lab for the next class. When the lab is clean, I
will dismiss the class. Early exits will result in loss of
participation points.
Opening
Question:
At the start of every class you will answer a brief extra credit
question based on the previous lecture or lab. These questions
will help you understand the material in a broader context and
will provide feedback about your progress. They should be your
own work. We will discuss answers after they are handed in.
TBA Hour:
You are required to spend an hour per week in the Learning
Resource Center (LRC) in the science building, second floor.
For hours and dates see schedule on their front door. At the
LRC you will find supplemental materials for you to study from.
Grading:
You will be evaluated based on performance on exams, lab
practicals, dissection, and participation. Points will be totaled
and expressed as a percent. All grades are non-negotiable and
must be earned.
4 lecture exams
400
90-100% = A
1 final exam
200
80-89% = B
4 lab practical exams
200
70-79% = C
Quizes
80
60-69% = D
Dissection
20
Below 60% = F
Attendance and participation
50
TOTAL POINTS
950
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
5
To succeed in
this class:
Anatomy 1 is a very rigorous class that requires considerable
discipline, time, and dedication. Tips for success:
1. Leave for class with time to find parking or catch the bus.
2. Be well rested and alert for class.
3. Be prepared for exams.
4. Keep track of your grades on gradebook.
5. Practice effective study habits:
- study 30 min to 1 hour every day
- study lecture notes soon after lecture
- recite the material and draw structures from memory
- make sure to engage in class
Class
Environment:
I strive to make the classroom a safe and encouraging learning
environment for everyone. There will be a lot of class
discussion and group work. Please be respectful of each other. I
encourage you to freely ask questions so that everyone can
benefit from the discussion. This class is for you.
Please turn off all beepers and cell phones during class. Food,
drink, and gum are not permitted.
I value:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Academic
Dishonesty:
Each student is expected to do his/her own work on all opening
questions, lecture exams, and lab practicals. A first offense of
academic dishonesty will result in a zero grade on that
material. A report will be filed with the Dean of Students with
your name and a detailed description of the incident. A second
offense anywhere in the college or an especially egregious
offense will result in disciplinary action by the professor or the
Dean, which can include failing the course, suspension, or
dismissal from the college. Please refer to the SMC policy on
academic dishonesty posted in the classroom, or refer to the
SMC Student Guide.
Final Word:
If you have any questions about course material, computer,
internet, campus resources, future plans, or anything else,
please don’t hesitate to ask. I am here to help you.
Interest in the material
Hard work
Respect for everyone in the classroom
Integrity in your work
Responsibility for your grade
Punctuality
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
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DATE
TOPIC
READING (Ch)
MANUAL (Ch)
Feb 17
Introduction
1
1
Feb 19
Cells
2
2
Feb 24
Tissues
3
3
Feb 26
Quiz, Integumentary System
4
4
Mar 3
Intro to Skeletal System
5
5
Mar 5
Axial Skeleton
6
6
Mar 10
Lecture Exam and Practical 1
Mar 12
Appendicular Skeleton
7
7
Mar 17
Articulations
8
8
Mar 19
NO CLASS
Mar 24
Quiz, Intro to Muscular System
9
9
Mar 26
Axial Muscles, Dissection
10
10, 12
Mar 31
Appendicular Muscles, Dissect
11
11, 12
Apr 2
Lecture Exam and Practical 2
Apr 7
Intro to Nervous System
13 & pg362-6, 389-94 13
Apr 9
Brain
15 & pgs443-8
14
Apr 14
SPRING BREAK
Apr 16
SPRING BREAK
Apr 21
Spinal Cord and PNS
14 & pgs432-42
15
Apr 23
Quiz, ANS, Dissection
17
16
Apr 28
General and Special Senses
18
17
Apr 30
Endocrine System
19
18
May 5
Lecture Exam and Practical 3
May 7
Circulatory System 1
20, 21
19
May 12
Circulatory System 2
21, 22
20
May 14
Lymphatic System, Dissection
23
21
May 19
Quiz, Respiratory System
24
22
May 21
Digestive System
25
23
May 26
Urinary System
26
24
May 28
Reproductive System
27
25
Jun 2
Lecture Exam and Practical 4
Jun 4
Review
Jun 9
Final Exam 8 – 11am
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
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Exam Policies
General
Format:
Lecture exams and lab practicals will be given on the same day.
The exam will begin promptly at 8:30am and end at 10:50am. All
students will begin with the lecture exam. You will be rotated into
the lab practical at random. The practical lasts 30 minutes, after
which you will return to your lecture exam.
Lecture
Exam:
Lecture exams will consist of multiple choice, matching, and short
answer questions. The multiple choice section will require a
scantron. The short answer section includes lists, terminology,
short essays, and drawing. Lecture exams are not cumulative.
Lab
Practical:
The lab practical consists of 50 questions on histology, models,
tissue, cat, and/or cadaver that you have seen in lab. It is not
cumulative. It is organized in stations that are set up around the
room. When you are signaled to begin the lab practical, you will
pause your lecture exam and take a clipboard and answer sheet
and begin the lab practical at any station. You have 30 minutes to
complete it. Only one student per station. Do not touch the
specimens or models unless instructed to do so. Do not touch the
stage or the objective lenses on the microscopes. You may adjust
the fine focus. If you have a question, raise your hand. You may
not refer back to your lecture exam. When you are finished, turn
in your answer sheet and return to your lecture exam.
Final
Exam:
The final exam is cumulative. It consists of matching and short
answer questions. It does not have an associated lab practical. You
are allowed a cheat sheet: one side of one 8.5 x 11” paper, handwritten.
Policies:
All books, notes, and electronic devices must be left in your bag by
the door. Use the restroom before the exam; you may not leave
the room until you are finished with your exam. All exam work
must be your own.
Review:
We will review the exam in class. The exams are my property, and
may not leave the classroom in any form. I will return your exam
to you in class and post the answers at the back of the classroom.
You will have 15 minutes to review your exam and ask questions.
You may not take notes, photograph, or leave the room with the
exam. Any of these offenses will result in the filing of an Academic
Dishonesty report. Leaving the room with the exam will also result
in a loss of 10 points per minute that the exam is outside the
classroom. If you need more time to review the exam, you are
welcome to view it in my office.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
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Lab 1: Introduction to Anatomy
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Torso model
2. Game: Simon says
3. Identification: Surface anatomy
Lab Station 1: Identification: Torso model
1. Examine the human torso model to identify the structures listed below. Use
your text as a reference. Answers are provided.
Adrenal gland
Brain
Heart
Kidneys
Large intestine
Liver
Lungs
Pancreas
Small intestine
Spinal cord
Spleen
Stomach
Urinary bladder
2. Place each of the organs listed above in the correct body cavity.
Dorsal body cavity:
Thoracic cavity:
Abdominopelvic cavity:
3. Assign each of these structures to an organ system.
Digestive:
Urinary:
Cardiovascular:
Endocrine:
Respiratory:
Lymphatic:
Nervous:
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
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Lab Station 2: Game: Simon says
Pick a leader; everybody else faces the leader. The leader gives instructions,
but only those instructions preceded by "Simon Says" are to be followed. If
someone follows an instruction that is not preceded by "Simon Says" they must
leave the game. The last person remaining in the game other than the leader is
the winner and will become the new leader in the next game.
This is not a test – you may use your text as a reference.
The leader picks from among these terms (you may specify right/left if you
wish):
Oculus
Mentis
Oris
Cranium
Cephalon
Auris
Buccal
Nasus
Cervicis
Thoracis
Lumbar
Abdomen
Pelvis
Femur
Hallux
Phalanges
Tarsus
Planta
Calcaneus
Crural
Sural
Popliteus
Patella
Pollex
Carpus
Antebrachium
Antecubitis
Brachium
Axilla
Olecranon
Acromial
Lab Station 3: Identification: Surface anatomy
For each of the labeled regions on the doll please specify the following.
Possible answers are provided.
This is the ___(name the anatomical landmark)______. It is located anterior to
the ____(name another landmark)_____ , proximal to the ___(name another
landmark)______, medial to the __(name another landmark)___ and superior to
the _____(name another landmark)____.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2009
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 1:
Microscopic anatomy
Histology
Gross anatomy
Chemical level
Molecular level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
Anatomical position
Mentis
Oris
Cranium
Cephalon
Oculus
Auris
Bucca
Nasus
Cervicis
Thoracis
Mammary
Abdomen
Pelvis
Inguen
Pubis
Femur
Hallux
Phalanges
Tarsus
Planta
Calcaneus
Crus
Sura
Popliteus
Patella
Pollex
Carpus
Antebrachium
Antecubitis
Brachium
Axilla
Gluteus
Lumbar
Olecranon
Posterior
Dorsal
Anterior
Ventral
Superior
Inferior
Proximal
Distal
Medial
Lateral
Sagittal
Frontal
Coronal
Transverse
Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Ventral cavity
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab 2: Cell Biology
Lab Stations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identification: Cell and mitosis models
Drawing: Mitosis and Meiosis
Game: Pictionary
Histology: Introduction
Lab Station 1: Identification: Cell and mitosis models
1. Identify the structures listed below on the cell model and in your text.
Plasma membrane
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
2. Examine the mitosis models and arrange them in order according to the cell
cycle. Make sure to identify each phase. Mix them for the next group.
3. Please answer the following questions. Answers are provided.

Which structure coats the outside of the cell?

Which structure contains the genetic information for the cell?

Which structures are involved in processing of proteins?

Which structure is involved in removal of unwanted organelles or debris?

Which structure is involved in making energy for the cell?

Which structure allows recycling of plasma membrane?

What is the base of the spindle fiber?
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab Station 2: Drawing: Mitosis and meiosis
Use the paper and pens provided to draw both meiosis and mitosis. For the
sake of clarity, follow only one homologous pair of chromosomes. Draw the
chromosomes with two different colors. Follow the process through replication
of those chromosomes, and division of the chromosomes and cells.
Lab Station 3: Game: Pictionary
The rules are flexible. You may form teams of 2 or 3 and designate the first
drawer from each group (please take turns). The drawer picks a card and
shares it with the drawer from the other group(s). The drawer has to draw the
structure for his/her group and the group member(s) must guess what it is. The
groups race against each other. No words may be used, and the drawer must be
silent. You may keep score if you wish.
This is not a test – the drawer may use the text to look up the structures, and
you may decide as a group whether the guessers can use the text as well.
Lab Station 4: Histology: Introduction
The goal of this station is to become comfortable working with light
microscopes. You will use these microscopes in almost every class and every
exam. I expect you to use the microscope according to the following rules.
1. Identify the following parts of the microscope: base, arm, stage, power,
light control, objective lenses, ocular lenses, course and fine focus
knobs, stage controls. Use the handouts provided.
2. When handling a microscope, always move it using the base and arm
only.
3. Turn the microscope on and make sure that there is light shining up
through the stage.
4. Make sure that the stage is in the lowest position (as far down towards
the lab bench as possible) and that there is no objective lens pointing
down towards the stage.
5. Place a slide of the intestine in the slide holder on the stage, moving the
stage so that light shines through the object on the slide.
6. Rotate the objective nosepiece so that the lowest power objective (the
shortest one) is pointing towards the slide.
7. Use the course adjustment knob to focus the tissue. This is the only time
you will use the course adjustment knob.
8. Rotate the objective nosepiece so that the middle power objective is
pointing towards the slide. Now use the fine adjustment knob (the
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
13
smaller one) to get this tissue in focus. Do not use the course adjustment
knob, because you might crash the slide into the lens.
9. Rotate the objective nosepiece once again so that the highest power
objective is pointing towards the slide. Use the fine adjustment knob to
focus the tissue.
10. At the highest power objective you will be able to see the outlines of
cells, and a darkly stained round nucleus inside.
11. Draw what you see from the intestinal cells at each of the 3 powers of
magnification below. Become familiar with what you can see at each
level of magnification, because this will be an important component in
the lab practicals.
Magnification: ______
Magnification: ______
Magnification: ______
What can you see?
What can you see?
What can you see?
12. When you are finished with this slide, reset the microscope by swiveling
the objectives away and moving the stage all the way down.
13. Find a slide of mitosis and try to find a dividing cell and identify the
phase of mitosis.
14. When you are finished using your microscope, reset the microscope by
swiveling the objectives away and moving the stage all the way down.
Improper use or storage of the microscope will result in loss of
participation points.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 2:
Light microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
Stage
Base
Arm
Objective lens
Ocular lens
Adjustment knob
Stage controls
Extracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles
Plasma membrane
Membrane proteins
Semipermeable membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Passive transport
Active transport
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
Centrioles
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Diploid
Haploid
Chromatin
Centromere
DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Intercellular cement
Tight junctions
Gap junction
Interphase
G0
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Meiosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Spindle fibers
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab 3: Tissues
Lab Stations:
1. Flowchart: Tissue types
2. Game: Chutes and ladders
3. Histology: Tissue
Lab Station 1: Flowchart: Tissue types
The goal of this project is to become comfortable with the hierarchy of tissue
types. You may use the poster roll and markers provided, or draw on the white
board. Sketch out a detailed flow chart of all the various tissue types and add
as much detail as you have time for.
Lab Station 2: Game: Chutes and ladders
Each player must answer a trivia question before rolling the die. The trivia
questions are taken from your text’s site: http://www.aw-bc.com/applace.
There are two identical sets for the class. If you answer the question correctly,
you may roll the die and move the appropriate number of steps forward. If you
land on a ladder, you may climb up; if you land on a slide, you must slide
down. Then the turn goes to the next player. The first to reach the end wins!
You may decide as a group whether you can look at the text and/or lecture
notes to answer the questions. Choose a reasonable time limit for each
question (30 seconds?) and be lenient with answers.
Lab Station 3: Histology: Tissue types
Use the microscopes to view the tissue slides listed below. Make sure to
become comfortable with the structure and function of the various tissue
types, and practice predicting function from the structures that you see. Use
your text and lecture notes as a reference.
Epithelia slides:
Simple squamous
Stratified squamous
Simple columnar
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Simple cuboidal
Transitional
Connective tissue slides:
Adipose
Areolar
Dense regular
Bone
Cartilage (“hyaline”)
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
16
TERMS FOR LECTURE 3:
Epithelial tissue
Glands
Ciliated epithelium
Apical
Basal
Basal lamina
Simple squamous
Stratified squamous
Simple cuboid
Stratified cuboid
Transitional
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified columnar
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Serous glands
Mucous glands
Merocrine secretion
Apocrine secretion
Holocrine secretion
Lactiferous glands
Sebaceous glands
Connective tissue
Matrix
Ground substance
Connective tissue proper
Collagen
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
Elastin
Loose connective tissue
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Dense connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Adipocytes
Fluid connective tissue
Blood
Lymph
Plasma
Formed elements
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Supporting connective tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
Lacunae
Cartilage
Osteocytes
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
Synovial membrane
Muscle tissue
Neural tissue
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab 4: Integumentary System
Lab Stations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identification: Skin model
Game: Who wants to be a millionaire?
Practice exam
Histology: Hair, skin, nails, glands
Lab Station 1: Identification: Skin model
Identify the following structures both on the skin model and in your text:
Epidermis
Dermis
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Hair
Hair follicles
Exocrine glands
Keratinocytes
Make



Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum
germinativum
Epidermal ridges
Dermal papillae
Subcutaneous layer
Hair root
Shaft
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
sure to discuss the following with your group:
The function of each structure
Where all of the main groups of tissues are found in skin
The development of cells in the epidermis, from the basal cell layer to
the outer layer that gets shed
Lab Station 2: Game: Who wants to be a millionaire? (with minor modifications)
Pick the first host and the first contestant. The host will pick a series of
questions (one of the 8 stacks of cards) and will read the questions for the
contestant, starting at the $100 question, and ending with the million dollar
question. The contestant will try to answer the questions (fill-in-the-blank),
and can continue answering questions until he/she get a question wrong. The
questions get progressively more difficult, with an increasing dollar amount
awarded as the questions get harder.
For each question, the contestant may answer the question or take the money
and run. If the contestant answers incorrectly, he/she gets the amount of
(virtual) money from the previous question.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
18
The contestant may call ONCE upon each of 3 help strategies any time he/she
chooses:
1. consult your book
2. ask the group
3. 50/50 chance (for this, the host must give the contestant 2 possible
correct answers – so the host must make up an incorrect alternative)
The roles of host and contestant rotate after each turn.
Please choose a reasonable time limit for each question. Be lenient with the
answers and ensure that this is a supportive learning environment for all.
Please keep in the cards in order.
Lab Station 3: Practice exam
A practice exam will be laid out for you. Answers will be posted on the wall in
the back of class.
Lab Station 4: Histology: Hair, skin, nails, glands
The goal of this station is to become comfortable with the structures of skin,
hair, nails, and sweat glands. Use the dissecting microscopes to identify as
many visible structures of your skin, hair, and nails as possible. For skin, the
“corpuscle” slides are the best. Use a light microscope to view the slides of
skin and scalp. Please make sure to discuss with your group the function of the
various structures that you see. Use your text as a reference.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
TERMS FOR LECTURE 4:
Integumentary system
Cutaneous membrane
Epidermis
Dermis
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Subcutaneous layer
Hypodermis
Keratinocytes
Keratin
Melanocytes
Melanin
Langerhans cells
Stratum corneum
Basal cells
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
Epidermal ridges
Dermal papillae
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Accessory structures
Hair follicles
Hair matrix
Hair root
Shaft
Club hair
Exocrine glands
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands
Merocrine sweat glands
Pheromones
Nail
Nail body
Nail bed
Nail root
19
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
20
Lab 5: Introduction to the Skeletal System
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Gross bone anatomy and bone markings
2. Game: Trivia
3. Histology: Bone and cartilage, and osteon model
Lab Station 1: Identification: Gross bone anatomy and bone markings
Look at the bones in front of you. Please identify all of the following on those
bones, using your text and lecture notes as a resource.
Long bone
Flat bone
Sutural bone
Irregular bone
Short bone
Sesamoid bone
Head
Neck
Condyle
Trochlea
Facet
Process
Ramus
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Crest
Line
Spine
Fossa
Sulcus
Foramen
Fissure
Meatus
Sinus
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Trabeculae
Periosteum
Endosteum
Epiphysis
Metaphysic
Diaphysis
Hole for nutrient
vessels
Lab Station 2: Game: Trivia
Please use the cards provided to quiz each other. This is not a test; you are
welcome to use your text and your lecture notes.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
Lab Station 3: Histology: Bone and cartilage, and osteon model
The goal of this station is to become comfortable with bone and cartilage
histology. Use the microscope and slides provided to you to inspect the
structure of compact bone and several types of cartilage. Use your text as a
reference and identify:

Ground bone: osteon, central canal, lacunae, lamellae, canaliculi

Cartilage: lacunae, matrix
Also look at the osteon model and identify the following: central canal,
osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, and canaliculi.
21
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
22
TERMS FOR LECTURE 5:
Bone
Cartilage
Ligament
Osseous tissue
Calcium phosphate
Osteoid
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoclasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoporosis
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Osteon
Central canal
Perforating canal
Canal of Volkmann
Lacunae
Lamellae
Canaliculi
Trabeculae
Periosteum
Endosteum
Epiphysis
Metaphysic
Diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Nutrient vessels
Metaphyseal vessels
Epiphyseal vessels
Periosteal vessels
Ossification
Intramembranous
Endochondral
Primary ossification
Secondary ossification
Epiphyseal closure
Vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Growth hormone
Estrogen
Testosterone
Long bone
Flat bone
Sutural bone
Irregular bone
Short bone
Sesamoid bone
Head
Neck
Condyle
Trochlea
Facet
Process
Ramus
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Crest
Line
Spine
Fossa
Sulcus
Foramen
Fissure
Meatus
Sinus
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
23
Lecture 6: Axial Skeleton
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Axial bones
2. Drawing: Axial skeleton
Lab Station 1: Identification: Axial bones
Look at the bones in front of you. Please identify all of the following, using
your text and notes as a resource.

Occipital: foramen magnum, occipital condyles, cerebellar fossa,
cerebral fossa

Parietal

Frontal: supraorbital margin, frontal sinus

Temporal: zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, external acoustic
meatus, internal acoustic meatus, mastoid process, styloid process

Sphenoid: greater wing, lesser wing, sella turcica

Ethmoid: cribiform plate, crista galli, nasal concha, perpendicular plate

Sagittal suture

Coronal suture

Lambdoidal suture

Squamous suture

Maxillae: maxillary sinus, palatine process, infraorbital foramen

Palatine

Nasal bone

Nasal conchae

Zygomatic: temporal process, frontal process

Lacrimal

Vomer

Mandible: ramus, condylar process, coronoid process, mental foramen,
mandibular foramen

Hyoid bone

Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramen
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008

Atlas

Axis: dens

Thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum: sacral canal

Coccyx

On all vertebrae: vertebral body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen,
pedicle, laminae, spinous process, superior facet, inferior facet,
transverse process, transverse facet

Thoracic cage: true rib, false rib, floating rib, costal cartilage

Rib: costal groove, tubercle, articular facets

Sternum: manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process
24
Lab Station 2: Drawing: Axial skeleton
This is the start of a multi-week project. You will sketch out the bones of the
body and later draw muscles over them. You may do this individually or as a
group, and you may do this on letter-sized paper or on the poster rolls
provided. Draw the skeleton twice, one anterior and one posterior view, so
that muscles can be drawn onto the correct side. The key is to sketch the
structures roughly, so that you have enough time to draw and label every bone
and muscle. Please put your group’s names on the papers and carefully roll
them up when you are done. I will keep them for you.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
25
TERMS FOR LECTURE 6:
Cranium
Occipital
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Cerebellar fossa
Cerebral fossa
Parietal
Frontal
Supraorbital margin
Frontal sinus
Temporal
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
External acoustic meatus
Internal acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Sphenoid
Greater wing
Lesser wing
Sella turcica
Ethmoid
Cribiform plate
Crista galli
Nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Lambdoidal suture
Squamous suture
Maxillae
Maxillary sinus
Palatine process
Infraorbital foramen
Palatine
Nasal bone
Nasal conchae
Zygomatic
Temporal process
Frontal process
Lacrimal
Vomer
Xiphoid process
Mandible
Ramus
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
Mandibular foramen
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Transverse foramen
Pedicle
Laminae
Spinous process
Superior facet
Inferior facet
Transverse process
Transverse facet
Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral foramen
Bifid
Atlas
Axis
Dens
Sacral canal
True rib
False rib
Floating rib
Costal cartilage
Costal groove
Tubercle
Articular facets
Sternum
Manubrium
Sternal body
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
26
Lab 7: Appendicular Skeleton
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Appendicular bones
2. Drawing: Appendicular bones
Lab Station 1: Identification: Appendicular bones
Look at the bones in front of you. Please identify all of the following, using
your text and notes as a resource.

Clavicle: sternal end, acromial end, sternal facet

Scapula: spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid fossa,
acromion, coracoid process, supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle

Humerus: head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus,
deltoid tuberosity, condyles, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle,
trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, capitulum

Ulna: olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch,
interosseous membrane, ulnar styloid process

Radius: radial styloid process, ulnar notch, radial tuberosity

Carpal bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Metacarpal bones

Phalanges: pollex

Ossa coxae: ilium, ischium, pubis, posterior superior iliac spine,
posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, ischial spine, lesser
sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine,
anterior inferior iliac spine, acetabular fossa, obturator foramen, pubic
symphysis, iliac fossa

Femur: head, fovea, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial
epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, condyles, patellar surface, gluteal
tuberosity, linea aspera

Patella: apex, base, medial facet, lateral facet

Tibia: medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, anterior
margin, crural interosseous membrane, medial malleolus

Fibula: lateral malleolus

Tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges: hallux
Lab Station 2: Drawing
This is the continuation of a multi-week project. Get your drawing from me,
and add the entire appendicular skeleton to it.
27
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
28
TERMS FOR LECTURE 7:
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Sternal facet
Scapula
Spine
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Glenoid fossa
Acromion
Coracoid process
Supraglenoid tubercle
Infraglenoid tubercle
Humerus
Head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular sulcus
Deltoid tuberosity
Condyles
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Trochlea
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Capitulum
Ulna
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar styloid process
Radius
Radial styloid process
Ulnar notch
Radial tuberosity
Carpal bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
Pollex
Ossa coxae
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac
spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac
spine
Anterior inferior iliac
spine
Acetabular fossa
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis
Iliac fossa
Femur
Head
Fovea
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Condyles
Patellar surface
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Patella
Apex
Base
Medial facet
Lateral facet
Tibia
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior margin
Crural interosseous
membrane
Medial malleolus
Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiform
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Hallux
Arches
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
29
Lab 8: Articulations
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Sample joints and accessory structures
2. Game: Charades
3. Identification: Joints on a skeleton
FINAL ACTIVITY: ARTICULATIONS BINGO
Lab Station 1: Identification: Sample joints and accessory structures
Identify all of the ligaments on the joint models provided. If you finish early,
you may work on your skeleton drawings or on the handout on the next page.
Lab Station 2: Game: Charades
Designate the first performer. That person picks a card from the stack and
must act out the term without using words. The rest of the group tries to guess
the term. The winner becomes the next performer.
This is not a test – the drawer may use the text to look up the terms.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
30
Lab Station 3: Identification: Joints on a skeleton
Look at the skeleton. Identify all of these joints and list what type of joint it is:
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis. If it is a diarthrosis, list what type
of synovial joint it is: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket. If
it is amphiarthrosis or diarthosis do not identify type. Try to palpate or move
these joints on your own body, to acquaint yourself with the range of motion
provided by each joint. An example is provided.
JOINT
Cranial sutures
Temperomandibular joint
Atlantooccipital joint
Atlantoaxial joint
Intervertebral discs
Intervertebral facets
Glenohumeral joint
Humeroulnar joint
Interosseous membrane
Distal radioulnar joint
Radiocarpal joint
1st Carpometacarpal joint
2-5 Carpometacarpal joint
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Interphalangeal joint
Hip joint
Pubic joint
Tibiofemoral joint
Tibiotalar joint
Tarometatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
TYPE
Diarthrosis
SYNOVIAL TYPE
Hinge
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
31
TERMS FOR LECTURE 8:
Range of motion
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Suture
Synovial joint
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Meniscus
Bursae
Gliding
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal rotation
External rotation
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Pronation
Supination
Eversion
Inversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Lateral flexion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Circumduction
Plane joint
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint
You need to be
familiar with these
joints:
Temperomandibular
joint
Intervertebral joints
Intervertebral disc
Glenohumeral joint
Humeroulnar joint
Humeroradial joint
Radiocarpal joint
Intercarpal joint
Carpometacarpal
joint
Metacarpophalangeal
joint
Interphalangeal joint
Hip joint
Tibiofemoral joint
Patellofemoral joint
Talocrural joint
Tibiotalar joint
Fibiotalar joint
Intertarsal joints
Tarometatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal
joints
Interphalangeal joints
You need to identify
the following
structures, given
the name:
Glenoid labrum
Glenohumeral
ligaments
Coracohumeral
ligaments
Coracoclavicular
ligaments
Acromioclavicular
ligaments
Coracoacromial
ligaments
Subdeltoid bursa
Subacromial bursa
Subcoracoid bursa
Annular ligament
Ulnar collateral
ligament
Radial collateral
ligament
Acetabulum
Acetabular labrum
Ligament of femoral
head
Pubofemoral ligament
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral
ligament
Fibular collateral
ligament
Tibial collateral
ligament
Patellar ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Infrapatellar fat pad
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
32
Lab 9: Introduction to Muscular System
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Muscle model and sarcomere drawing
2. Game: Trivia
3. Histology: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Lab Station 1: Identification: Muscle model and sarcomere drawing
1. Look at the muscle model and identify the following: fascicle, muscle
fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, motor neuron, neuromuscular junction
2. Practice drawing a sarcomere and discuss with your group how the
filaments move in relation to each other and the effect that contraction
has on the structure of the sarcomere.
Lab Station 2: Game: Trivia
Please use the cards provided to quiz each other. This is not a test; you are
welcome to use your text and your lecture notes.
Lab Station 3: Histology: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Look at the following slides and make sure that you can identify the following
structures:

Skeletal muscle: muscle fiber, striations

Cardiac muscle: muscle fiber, striations, intercalated discs

Smooth muscle: muscle fiber, lack of striations

Neuromuscular junction: muscle fiber, motor neuron, neuromuscular
junction, axon
Note: the purple-stained muscles slides are the most clear.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
TERMS FOR LECTURE 9:
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Satellite cells
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Gap junctions
Intercalacted discs
Fascicle
Muscle fiber
Myofibrils
Filaments
Sarcoplasm
Striations
Sarcomere
Myosin
Actin
Sliding filament theory
A band
I band
Z disk
Motor neuron
Motor unit
Axon terminal
Neuromuscular junction
Motor unit recruitment
Neuromuscular cleft
Motor end plate
Parallel muscles
Convergent muscles
Unipennate muscles
Bipennate muscles
Multipennate muscles
Circular muscles
Origin
Insertion
Action
Prime mover
Agonist
Synergist
Antagonist
33
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
34
Lab 10: Axial Musculature
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Muscle model
2. Drawing: Axial muscles
Lab Station 1: Identification: Muscle models
Look at the muscle models provided. Identify all of the muscles in the “terms”
list and note their origin, insertion, and action. If possible, demonstrate the
action on yourselves. If a muscle cannot be identified on a model, please use
your text. For your convenience, the muscles that you need to know are listed
again with their origin, insertion, and action on pages 38-43.
If time remains, you can start to build your flashcard library.
Lab Station 2: Drawing: Axial muscles
Add all of the muscles from the “terms” list to your drawing.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
TERMS FOR LECTURE 10:
Identification and action only:
Occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oculi
Buccinator
Platysma
Risorius
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Masseter
Temporalis
Digastric
Identification, origin, insertion, and action of:
Sternocleidomastoid
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Quadratus lumborum
Rotatores
Interspinales
Intertransversarii
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Levator scapula
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Serratus anterior
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Subscapularis
Teres major
Coracobrachialis
Supraspinatus
Latissimus dorsi
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
35
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
36
Lab 11: Appendicular Musculature
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Muscle model
2. Drawing: Appendicular muscles
Lab Station 1: Identification: Muscle models
Look at the muscle models provided. Identify all of the muscles in the “terms”
list and note their origin, insertion, and action. If possible, demonstrate the
action on yourselves. If a muscle cannot be identified on a model, please use
your text. For your convenience, the muscles that you need to know are listed
again with their origin, insertion, and action on pages 38-43.
If time remains, you can start to build your flashcard library.
Lab Station 2: Drawing: Appendicular muscles
Add all of the muscles from the “terms” list to your drawing.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
37
TERMS FOR LECTURE 11:
You must know the origin, insertion, and action of all of the following muscles:
Brachioradialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Triceps brachii
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Lateral rotators
Iliacus
Psoas major
Tensor fasciae latae
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Sartorius
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Tibialis anterior
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
38
For the following muscles, you are only responsible for identifying them on a
model and stating their actions.
MUSCLE
Occipitofrontalis
ORIGIN
Cranium
INSERTION
Eyebrow skin
Orbicularis oris
Lips
Risorius
Zygomaticus major
Maxilla and
mandible
Orbit
Maxilla and
mandible
Ribs and
acromion
Fascia
Zygomatic bone
Zygomaticus minor
Zygomatic bone
Upper lip
Masseter
Temporalis
Zygomatic arch
Parietal bone
Digastric
Mandible and
mastoid process
of temporal bone
Mandibular ramus
Coronoid process
of mandible
Hyoid
Orbicularis oculi
Buccinator
Platysma
Eyelid skin
Orbicularis oris
Mandible and skin
Mouth
Mouth
ACTION
Raises
eyebrows
Compresses
lips
Closes eye
Compresses
cheek
Tenses skin of
neck
Mouth grimace
Elevates
mouth
Elevates upper
lip
Closes jaw
Closes jaw
Opens jaw
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
39
For the remainder of the muscles on this list, you are responsible for all of this
information.
MUSCLE
Sternocleidomastoid
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Quadratus lumborum
Rotatores
Interspinales
Intertransversarii
External oblique
ORIGIN
Clavicle and
manubrium
Iliac crest and
ribs
Transverse
processes
Spinous processes
Iliac crest
Transverse
processes
Spinous processes
Transverse
processes
Ribs
Internal oblique
Iliac crest and
thoracolumbar
fascia
Transversus abdominis Ribs and iliac
crest
Rectus abdominis
Pubis
Trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Levator Scapula
Rhomboid major and
minor
Serratus anterior
Occipital bone,
spinous processes
of Cspine
Ribs
Transverse
processes of
Cspine
Spinous processes
of upper Tspine
Anterior ribs
INSERTION
Mastoid process
of temporal bone
Ribs and
transverse
processes
Transverse
processes
Spinous processes
Ribs and
transverse
processes
Spinous processes
ACTION
Flex neck
Spinous processes
Transverse
processes
External oblique
aponeuroses
Extends spine
Lateral flexion
of spine
Flex and
rotate spine to
opposite side
Flex and
rotate spine to
same side
Compress
abdomen
Flex spine
Ribs and linea
alba
Linea alba
Cartilages of
lower ribs and
xiphoid process
Clavicle and
acromion/spine
of scapula
Coracoid process
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Extends spine
Extends spine
Extends spine
Lateral spine
flexion
Rotates spine
Elevate and
retract
scapula
Depress and
protract
scapula
Elevates
scapula
Adducts
scapula
Protracts
scapula
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
MUSCLE
Deltoid
40
ORIGIN
Clavicle and
spine/acromion
of scapula
Ribs, sternum and
clavicle
INSERTION
Deltoid tuberosity
of humerus
ACTION
Abducts
shoulder
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Teres major
Scapula
Humerus
Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process
Humerus
Latissimus dorsi
Spinous processes
of lower spine,
thoracolumbar
fascia
Humerus
Subscapularis
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle of
humerus
Supraspinatus
Greater tubercle
Teres minor
Supraspinous
fossa
Scapula
Infraspinatus
Infraspinous fossa
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Brachioradialis
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Coracoid process
and supraglenoid
tubercle
Humerus
Humerus,
infraglenoid
tubercle
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Styloid process of
radius
Flexion,
adduction of
shoulder
Extension,
adduction,
medial
rotation of
shoulder
Shoulder
flexion
Extension,
adduction,
medial
rotation of
shoulder
Medial
rotation of
shoulder
Abduction of
shoulder
Lateral
rotation of
shoulder
Lateral
shoulder
rotation
Elbow flexion
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Triceps brachii
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Radial tuberosity
Ulna
Olecranon
Metacarpals
Metacarpals
Elbow and
shoulder
flexion
Elbow flexion
Elbow and
shoulder
extension
Wrist flexion
and abduction
Wrist flexion
and adduction
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
MUSCLE
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Extensor carpi radialis
brevis
ORIGIN
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Humerus
41
INSERTION
Flexor
retinaculum
Phalanges
ACTION
Wrist flexion
IT band
Abduction of
hip
Adduction of
hip
Adduction of
hip
Adducts hip,
flexes knee
Knee
extension, hip
flexion
Knee
extension
Wrist and
finger flexion
Metacarpals
Wrist
extension,
abduction
Metacarpals
Wrist
extension and
abduction
Metacarpals
Wrist
extension and
adduction
Phalanges
Finger and
wrist
extension
Gluteal tuberosity Extends hip
of femur
Greater
Abducts hip
trochanter of
femur
Greater
Abducts hip
trochanter of
femur
Femur
Lateral
rotation
Lesser trochanter Hip flexion
Lesser trochanter Hip flexion
Gluteus maximus
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Iliac crest
Gluteus medius
Iliac crest
Gluteus minimus
Ilium
Lateral rotators
Ischial spine
Iliacus
Psoas major
Adductor longus
Iliac fossa
Lower transverse
processes
Iliac crest and
ASIS
Inferior pubis
Adductor magnus
Inferior pubis
Gracilis
Inferior pubis
Linea aspera of
femur
Linea aspera of
femur
Medial tibia
Rectus femoris
AIIS
Tibial tuberosity
Vastus lateralis
Femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Tensor fasciae latae
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
42
MUSCLE
Vastus intermedius
ORIGIN
Femur
INSERTION
Tibial tuberosity
Vastus medialis
Femur
Tibial tuberosity
Sartorius
ASIS
Medial tibia
Biceps femoris
Fibula and tibia
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
and linea aspera
Ischial tuberosity
Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Tibia
Gastrocnemius
Femoral condyles
Calcaneous
Soleus
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibula and tibia
Tibia and fibula
Calcaneous
Phalanges
Fibula
Phalanx of toe
Fibularis longus and
brevis
Tibialis anterior
Fibula
Metatarsals
ACTION
Knee
extension
Knee
extension
Knee flexion,
hip flexion and
lateral
rotation
Knee flexion,
hip extension
Knee flexion,
hip extension
Knee flexion,
hip extension
Plantar flexion
at ankle, knee
flexion
Plantar flexion
Toe flexion,
plantar flexion
Hallux flexion,
plantar flexion
Plantar flexion
Tibia
Metatarsals
Dorsiflexion
Tibia
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
43
Lab 12: Cat Dissection
Over the next few weeks, you will progressively dissect a cat in order to learn
basic dissection skills and to become familiar with anatomical structures as
they appear in nature. The dissections are required. You will be performing
these dissections in groups of 3-4, and as a group, you will need 2 dissecting
kits, gloves, a lock for your locker, and individual protective garments.
Basic rules:
1. Watch out for each other. Be aware at all times of your dissection area
and make sure that your lab partners’ hands are nowhere in the vicinity
of your work. Also be supportive of any potential emotional discomfort
that may arise when dissecting an animal.
2. Protect your skin: wear gloves at all times. Do not touch any part of your
body with your gloves on; particularly not your eyes.
3. Keep your instruments down on the table when you are not using them.
4. Use primarily blunt dissection. We will not be using the scalpels at all,
and the scissors will rarely be used for cutting.
To start:
1. Obtain a cat from me. Cut the bag open and dump the fluid into the bins
provided. Place the cat onto a tray and immediately cover the face with
paper towels. When everybody is ready, we will begin together.
2. Orient yourself to your cat. Your cat is already skinned. Palpate the
xyphoid process. Palpate the calcaneous.
3. We will all start by dissecting the back muscles. Lie your cat face down.
Find the dividing line between the trapezius and latissiums dorsi, and
begin to separate the two muscles from each other, using blunt
dissection. If there is a lot of fat on your cat, you will need to spend
some time removing the fat.
4. When these muscles have been dissected, I will designate a region for
your group to work on. Use the images provided as a reference, but
please do not touch them.
To clean up:
1. Place your cat back in its bag, fold the top over and rubber band it shut.
Place a name tag on the bag with a label that includes your group
member’s names, your Anatomy section time, and my name. Write this
information another time on the bag itself. Place the cat on its rack.
2. Clean your trays, dissection equipment, and lab bench with simple
green. Be careful with your dissection equipment: use as little water as
possible and always pat dry.
3. Wash your hands.
4. Make sure that all surfaces and sinks are clean, and that your bench is
back in its original position before leaving.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
Muscles to Identify on the Cat:
Abdominal:
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Chest:
Pectoralis major and minor (major is superior to minor)
Back:
Trapezius (3 separate muscles on cat)
Latissimus dorsi
Shoulder:
Deltoid (3 separate muscles on cat)
Elbow:
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Wrist: flexors and extensors
Hip and knee:
Gluteus maximus
Tensor fasciae latae
Gracilis
Sartorius
Adductors
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Ankle:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus and brevis
Dorsiflexors
Plantarflexors
44
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
45
Lab 13: Introduction to Nervous System
Lab Stations:
1. Game: Pictionary
2. Identification: Connective tissue protection
3. Histology: Neurons and neuron model
Lab Station 1: Game: Pictionary
The rules are flexible. You may form teams of 2 or 3 and designate the first
drawer from each group (please take turns). The drawer picks a card and
shares it with the drawer from the other group(s). The drawer has to draw the
structure for his/her group and the group member(s) must guess what it is. The
groups race against each other. No words may be used, and the drawer must be
silent. You may keep score if you wish.
This is not a test – the drawer may use the text to look up the structures, and
you may decide as a group whether you would like the guessers to have access
to the text as well.
Lab Station 2: Identification: Connective tissue protection
Look at the brain, spinal cord, and nerve provided for you. Make sure that you
can identify:
Cranial meninges
Spinal meninges
Dura mater
Endosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Dural sinus
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid
granulations
Pia mater
Filum terminale
Denticulate ligaments
Epineurium
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
46
Lab Station 3: Histology and neuron model
Look at the slides of giant multipolar neurons provided. Make sure that you can
identify dendrites, cell body, and axons.
Next, look at the neuron model and identify dendrites, cell body, axon, and
synaptic terminal. Be sure you can identify the pre- and post-synaptic sides of
the cell.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
47
TERMS FOR LECTURE 13:
Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Neurons
Supporting cells
Glia
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synaptic terminal
Myelin
Multiple sclerosis
Guillain-barre syndrome
Synapse
Synaptic knob
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicles
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane
Afferent
Efferent
Somatic
Visceral
Nuclei
Centers
Tracts
Columns
Ganglia
Nerves
Cranium
Cranial meninges
Spinal meninges
Meningitis
Dura mater
Endosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Dural sinus
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Epidural hemorrhage
Subdural hemorrhage
Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid trabeculae
Arachnoid granulations
Arachnoid villi
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Cerebral spinal fluid
Pia mater
Filum terminale
Denticulate ligaments
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab 14: Brain
Lab Stations:
1. Dissection: Sheep brains
2. Identification: Human brain tissue and models
3. Cranial nerves
Lab Station 1: Dissection: Sheep brains
1. Organize yourselves into two groups. Each group should get gloves, a
small dissecting tray, and a sheep brain.
2. Orient yourself to the brain: which side is ventral and which is dorsal?
Anterior and posterior? Make sure that you can identify the cerebrum,
cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, optic chiasm,
mammillary bodies, pineal gland, and corpora quadrigemina. Use the
images provided as a guide, but please only touch them with clean
hands.
3. One group should cut the brain midsagitally and identify the corpus
callosum, thalamus, and substantia nigra of the midbrain. Then cut
several more sagittal sections, approximately every inch in both
directions. View the sections to find where the basal ganglia are located
in relation to the thalamus.
4. The second group should cut the brain coronally every inch across the
entire brain. Identify the basal ganglia, thalamus, and ventricles in their
respective sections.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
49
Lab Station 2: Identification: Human brain tissue and models
You will be shown a brain model and a real human brain. Please identify all of
the following terms:
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebrum
Cerebral hemisphere
Gyri
Sulci
Longitudinal fissure
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Internal capsule
Corpus callosum
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Mamillary bodies
Pineal gland
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina
Pons
Cerebellar peduncle
Medulla oblongata
Pyramids
Olives
Cerebellum
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Oculomotor nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab Station 3: Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerve tests are an important part of any neurological examination.
Conduct the following tests of cranial nerve function to help you learn cranial
nerve function. As you are doing these tests, please review the path of the
nerve, whether it is motor or sensory, and what its main function is. Please
note that cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system, because
they travel outside the brain. Once inside the brain they travel in tracts.
1. Olfactory – ask your partner whether they can smell a substance: soap
2. Optic – test the point at which your partner first sees an object moving
in the visual field
3. Oculomotor – ask your partner to follow your moving finger
4. Trochlear – ask your partner to look down on his/her nose
5. Trigeminal – ask your partner to close his/her eyes. Lightly touch his/her
forehead, lower orbit, and lower mandible, and make sure that he/she
can feel it
6. Abducens – ask your partner to look side to side
7. Facial – ask your partner to smile, frown, and raise eyebrows
8. Vestibulocochlear – snap your fingers behind your partner’s head and ask
whether he/she can hear it. Then ask your partner to stand on one leg
and check for balance
9. Glossopharyngeal – if tongue depressors are available, check for the gag
reflex by touching the posterior aspect of the tongue
10. Vagus – ask your partner to open wide and say “AH” (vagus innervates
many organs, including the larynx)
11. Accessory – test your partner’s shoulder shrug strength and ability to
turn head to the side against resistance (accessory nerve innervates
pharynx and larynx, and also trapezius and SCM muscles)
12. Hypoglossal – ask your partner to stick out his/her tongue
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 14:
Gray matter
White matter
Ventricles
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
Cerebrospinal fluid
Lateral aperture
Medial aperture
Hydrocephalus
Cerebrum
Cerebral hemisphere
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Longitudinal fissure
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex
Primary sensory cortex
Visual cortex
Auditory cortex
Association areas
Internal capsule
Corpus callosum
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Mamillary bodies
Pineal gland
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina
Substantia nigra
Parkinson’s disease
Pons
Cerebellar peduncle
Medulla oblongata
Pyramids
Olives
Cerebellum
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab 15: Spinal Cord and PNS
Lab Stations:
1. Drawing: Spinal nerves
2. Identification: Spinal cord specimen and model
3. Drawing: Spinal cord tracts
FINAL ACTIVITY: NEUROBINGO
Lab Station 1: Drawing: Spinal nerves
Use the paper and pens provided to very roughly trace the path of the
following nerves, starting from the spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord,
going through the plexus, and to the target. You do not need to draw or study
the plexi in detail. Please use your text, the thin man (large drawing), and
models to visualize where each of these nerves travels.
Phrenic nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Femoral nerve
Sciatic nerve
Saphenous nerve
Common fibular nerve
Tibial nerve
Lab Station 2: Identification: Spinal cord specimen and model
I will present a human spinal cord to you, and show you the cauda equina,
spinal cord enlargements, posterior median fissure, and anterior median
fissure. I will then show you a spinal cord model, where you will see the
following structures. I will also transect a sheep spinal cord to show you those
structures on a real specimen.
Central gray matter
Posterior gray horn
Lateral gray horn
Anterior gray horn
Outer white matter
Funiculi / Columns
Posterior white column
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Central canal
Ventral root
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
53
Lab Station 3: Drawing: Spinal cord tracts
Please use the pens and paper provided to draw the path of neurons in the
posterior white column and the corticospinal tracts. For the sensory tract,
please start at the sensation in your limb. For the motor tract, please start
with the motor cortex. Use different color markers for the different neurons (3
for the sensory pathway and 2 for the motor pathway) and make sure to show
where the synapses are and where they cross over from one side of the body to
the other.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
54
TERMS FOR LECTURE 15:
Cauda equina
Spinal tap
Spinal segment
Innervation
Central gray matter
Outer white matter
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
Columns
Posterior median sulcus
Anterior median fissure
Central canal
Ventral root
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Posterior gray horn
Lateral gray horn
Anterior gray horn
Sensory nuclei
Motor nuclei
Funiculi
Posterior white column
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus
Homunculus
Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
Quadriplegia
Paraplegia
Ventral rami
Dorsal rami
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus
Phrenic nerve
Trunks
Cords
Musculocutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Femoral nerve
Lumbosacral trunk
Sciatic nerve
Saphenous nerve
Common fibular nerve
Tibial nerve
Sciatica
Dermatome
Myotome
Reflexes
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
55
Lab 16: Autonomic Nervous System
Lab Activities:
1. Flow chart: Nervous system organization
2. Dissection
Lab Activity 1: Flow chart: Nervous system organization
Use the pens and paper provided to draw a flow chart of the nervous system.
Make sure to include the following:
Nervous System
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory afferent
Motor efferent
Somatic
Visceral
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
Skeletal muscles
Skin
Joints
Lab Activity 2: Cat Dissection
We will dissect the brachial plexus and sciatic nerve.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
TERMS FOR LECTURE 16:
Autonomic nervous system
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Thoracolumbar division
Craniosacral division
Terminal ganglia
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Paravertebral ganglia
Rami communicantes
Gray ramus
White ramus
Collateral sympathetic ganglia
Splanchic nerves
Adrenal gland
Fight or flight
Rest and digest
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Acetylcholine
Cholinergic
Adrenergic
Synapses en passant
Antagonistic responses
Dual innervation
Autonomic plexuses
Visceral reflexes
56
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
57
Lab 17: General and Special Senses
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Auditory and vestibular models
2. Identification: Eye models
3. Histology: General and special senses
Lab Station 1: Identification: Auditory and vestibular models
Use the models and the text to identify the following:
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Auricle
External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane
Tympanic cavity
Auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Auditory tube
Round window
Oval window
Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
Semicircular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea
Perilymph
Endolymph
Ampulla
Utricle
Saccule
Vestibular duct (scala vestibuli)
Vestibular membrane
Cochlear duct (scala media)
Tectorial membrane
Basilar membrane
Tympanic duct (scala tympani)
Organ of corti
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
58
Lab Station 2: Identification: Eye models
Use the models of the eye and your text to identify all of the following:
Cornea
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Ciliary body
Suspensory ligaments
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Fovea
Optic disc
Retinal epithelium
Rod
Cone
Retinal ganglion cell
Lab Station 3: Histology: General and special senses
Please look at the slides provided and identify the following. Use your text,
notes, and the images provided as a reference.

Tactile corpuscles

Cochlea: cranial nerve 8, vestibular duct, cochlear duct, tympanic duct,
tectorial membrane, basilar membrane, vestibular membrane, hair cells,
organ of Corti, endolymph, perilymph

Crista ampullaris: crista, hair cells, cupula, endolymph

Retina: sclera, choroid, retinal epithelium, rod/cone nuclei, bipolar
cells, retinal ganglion cells
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 17:
General senses
Proprioception
Special senses
Olfaction
Gustation
Vestibular
Auditory
Sensory receptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors
Referred pain
Baroreceptors
Free nerve endings
Merkel’s discs
Ruffini endings
Tactile corpuscules
Lamellated corpuscules
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organ
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory cortex
Taste cells
Taste bud
Gustatory cortex
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Auricle
External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane
Tympanic cavity
Auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Tensor tympani
Stapedius muscle
Auditory tube
Round window
Oval window
Otitis media
Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
Semicircular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea
Perilymph
Endolymph
Hair cells
Ampulla
Cupula
Utricle
Saccule
Macula
Otolith
Vestibular duct
Vestibular membrane
Cochlear duct
Tectorial membrane
Basilar membrane
Tympanic duct
Organ of corti
Auditory cortex
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Cornea
Ciliary body
Suspensory ligaments
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Fovea
Optic disc
Neural retina
Retinal epithelium
Rod
Cone
Retinal ganglion cell
Photopigments
Glaucoma
Cataract
Visual cortex
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab 18: Endocrine System
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Torso model and worksheet
2. Game: Trivia
3. Histology: Endocrine tissue
Lab Station 1: Identification: Torso model and worksheets
Use the torso and brain models and your text to identify the following:
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Heart
Pancreas
Gonads
Pineal Gland
Fill out the chart on the following two pages. I have filled out a few boxes for
clarity. Answers will be available on ecompanion, try it first yourself.
Lab Station 2: Game: Trivia
Please use the cards provided to quiz each other. This is not a test; you are
welcome to use your text and your lecture notes.
Lab Station 3: Histology: Endocrine tissue
Please look at the slides provided and make sure that you can identify:

Thyroid gland: thyroid follicles, follicle cavity

Parathyroid gland: principal cells

Adrenal cortex: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Adrenal medulla

Pancreas: islets of Langerhans, pancreatic exocrine cells (acini)

Testes: interstitial cells

Ovaries: follicle

Pituitary: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars nervosa
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
Gland
Hormone
61
From what
cell/region
Anterior
Pituitary
In response
to
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Posterior
Pituitary
Thyroid
gland
Parathyroid
gland
Pineal gland
Thymus
NA
NA
Action
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
Gland
Hormone
62
From what
cell/region
In response
to
Adrenal
cortex
Androgens
Adrenal
medulla
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries
Pineal gland
Zona
reticularis
NA
Action
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
63
TERMS FOR LECTURE 18:
Hormone
Negative feedback
Releasing hormones
Inhibiting hormones
Pituitary gland
Hypophysis
Anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
Pars distalis
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Growth hormone (GH)
Pituitary dwarfism
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Pars intermedia
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)
Posterior pituitary
Pars nervosa
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Thyroid gland
Thyroid follicles
Follicle cavity
Thyroid hormone
Goiter
Hyperthyroid
Hypothyroid
Cretinism
C cells
Calcitonin
Parathyroid gland
Principal cells
Parathyroid hormone
Thymus
Thymosin hormones
Adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
Corticosteroids
Zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol
Zona reticularis
Androgens
Addison’s syndrome
Adrenal medulla
Chromaffin cells
Pancreas
Pancreatic islets
Islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells
Glucagon
Beta cells
Insulin
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Testes
Interstitial cells
Testosterone
Ovaries
Oocytes
Follicles
Estrogen
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Pineal gland
Pinealocytes
Melatonin
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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Lab 19: Blood and Heart
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Human heart and heart model
2. Dissection: Sheep heart
Lab Station 1: Identification: Human heart and heart model
Use the human heart, heart models, and your text to identify the following:
Visceral pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Atria
Ventricles
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscle
Trabeculae carneae
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary veins
Bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Ascending aorta
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Circumflex branch
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
65
Lab Station 2: Dissection: Sheep heart
1. Divide yourselves into groups of 3-4. Get your gloves, a small dissecting
tray, and a heart.
2. First orient yourself to the sheep heart: where is the base and the apex?
Where is the coronary sulcus? Where are the ventricles and the atria?
3. Pick a ventricle and cut into the heart. Observe the chordae tendineae,
papillary muscles, and the atrioventricular valve. Now cut into the other
ventricle. Which ventricle is which?
4. Now use your finger to follow each ventricle backwards into an atrium,
naming the valve through which you passed. Once in the atria, observe
which veins bring blood to that atrium.
5. Follow the ventricles out through the semilunar valves so that you can
identify the large arteries leaving the heart.
Structures to identify on the sheep heart:
Base
Apex
Right and left atria
Right and left ventricles
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary veins
Vena cava
Aorta
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscle
Tricuspid valve
Trabeculae carneae
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Note: Histology
A microscope will be set up in the back of the class so that you can view a slide
of blood. You should be able to see many erythrocytes and a few leukocytes.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
66
TERMS FOR LECTURE 19:
Plasma
Formed elements
Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
Anemia
Polycythemia
Leukocytes
Lymphocyte
Thrombocytes
Megakaryocytes
Myeloid tissue
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Pericardium
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
Pericardial cavity
Pericardial fluid
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Atria
Ventricles
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Foramen ovale
Atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscle
Trabeculae carneae
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary veins
Mitral valve
Bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Circumflex branch
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Angiogram
Angina pectoris
Myocytes
Pacemaker cells
Sinoatrial node
Myocardial infarction
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Lab 20: Blood Vessels
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Vessels in the cadaver and models
2. Drawing: Vessels of the body
Lab Station 1: Identification: Vessels in the cadaver and models
Use the models and brain and cadaver to find all of the following blood vessels:
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
Common carotid arteries
Subclavian arteries
Vertebral artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Deep brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Circle of Willis
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac arteries
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Fibular artery
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Confluence of the sinuses
Internal jugular vein
Brachiocephalic vein
External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Cephalic vein
Median antebrachial vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
Axillary vein
Radial vein
Brachial vein
Anterior tibial vein
Posterior tibial vein
Fibular vein
Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
External iliac vein
Common iliac vein
Great saphenous vein
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Lab Station 2: Drawing: Vessels of the body
Sketch the arteries and veins of the body. This does not have to be
anatomically correct. You should become familiar with the branching patterns
of the various vessels. You may sketch these out on your muscle drawings, or
on a separate piece of paper. If you opt for the latter, you can sketch
individual body areas out separately (as presented in lecture) or all together.
Note: Histology
There will be a microscope set up in the back of the lab room so that you can
view a slide of an artery and vein. Make sure to become comfortable with the
difference between the two.
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 20:
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica interna
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Capillary bed
Venule
Medium-sized veins
Large veins
Valves
Skeletal muscle pump
Varicose veins
Atherosclerosis
Plaque
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
Common carotid arteries
Subclavian arteries
Vertebral artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Circle of Willis
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac arteries
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Fibular artery
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Confluence of the sinuses
Internal jugular vein
Brachiocephalic vein
External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Cephalic vein
Median antebrachial vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
Axillary vein
Radial vein
Brachial vein
Anterior tibial vein
Posterior tibial vein
Fibular vein
Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
External iliac vein
Common iliac vein
Great saphenous vein
Cerebrovascular accident
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
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Lab 21: Lymphatic System
Lab Activities:
1. Lymphatic Bingo
2. Dissection
3. Histology: Lymphatic system
Lab Activity 1: Lymphatic Bingo
The entire class will participate in lymphatic bingo. The winning table gets
extra credit.
Lab Activity 2: Cat Dissection
We will expose the ventral body cavity of the cat in order to find the major
organs and vessels.
1. To open the abdominal cavity: Use your scissors to make an incision
midline near the groin. Cut upwards towards the diaphragm, but stop
before reaching the diaphragm. Then cut along the underside of the ribs
just under the diaphragm in each direction. From the initial groin
incision, cut along the lower abdomen in both directions, so that you are
left with two flaps that open the abdominal cavity.
2. To open the thoracic cavity: Use your scissors to cut along the axillary
border of the chest on both sides, and then cut across the chest just
above the diaphragm. Leave the diaphragm intact. Now you have a flap
that opens the thoracic cavity.
3. In the abdominal cavity identify: small and large intestines, stomach,
spleen, liver, and kidneys. Move these aside to identify: abdominal
aorta, thoracic duct, inferior vena cava, and common iliac arteries and
veins.
4. In the thoracic cavity identify: heart, lungs, thymus. Carefully dissect
around the heart to find the aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left
subclavian, right subclavian, and common carotid arteries. Please note
that only two arteries branch off of the aortic arch, not three as in the
human.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
Lab Activity 3: Histology: Lymphatic system
Microscopes will be set up along the side of the classroom. Please make sure
that you can identify each of the following and describe their function:

Lymphocyte

Lymph node: capsule, hilus, cortex, medulla

Spleen: red pulp and white pulp

Thymus: cortex, medulla
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 21:
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphedema
Superficial lymphatics
Deep lymphatics
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic ducts
Thoracic duct
Cisterna chili
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph
Specific immunity
T cells
Cell-mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
B cells
Humoral immunity
Plasma cells
Memory B cells
AIDS
HIV
Lymphoid tissues
Nodules
Tonsils
Tonsillitis
Appendicitis
Lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Hilus
Lymphadenopathy
Metastatic cancer
Thymus
Reticular cells
Thymic hormones
Spleen
Red pulp
White pulp
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Lab 22: Respiratory System
Lab Stations:
1. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2. Identification: Human lung and models
3. Game: Trivia
Lab Station 1: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Review the following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions and
answer the questions in bold. Please do not perform actual mouth to mouth on
the doll provided. This is not meant to replace a traditional CPR course that
you all should take. Rather, it is an exercise designed to allow you to
understand the effects of CPR on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
1. Check the victim
If the person is nonresponsive, tilt the head back and lift the chin. What does
this do? Listen for breathing. If the person is not breathing, give 2 slow breaths
to give them a little oxygen and to test whether the airway is blocked. Check
for pulse at the side of the thyroid cartilage. Which artery are you feeling?
2. Rescue breathing
If the person is not breathing but has a pulse, begin rescue breathing. Tilt the
person’s head back, lift the chin, and pinch the nose shut. Why should you
pinch the nose shut? Use specific terms from lecture. Give 1 slow breath
every 5 seconds for 1 minute. Recheck pulse and breathing every minute.
3. CPR
If the person is not breathing and has no pulse, initiate CPR. Kneel over the
person and place the heel of your hand over the body of the sternum. Place
your other hand on top of the first. Compress the chest 30 times. What does
this do? Give 2 slow breaths. Why? Do 3 more sets of 30 compressions and 2
breaths. Recheck pulse and breathing. Continue until there is a pulse or until
help arrives.
4. Heimlich maneuver
If a person is choking, encourage them to cough. If the person can no longer
breathe, give quick upward thrusts to the abdomen, just above the navel, until
the airway is cleared. What does this do? (Be specific about mechanism)
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Lab Station 2: Identification: Human lung and models
Use the models, your text, and the human lung to identify all of the following:
Conducting zone
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Trachea
Tracheal cartilages
Annular ligaments
Hilus
Cardiac impression
Apex of the lung
Base of the lung
Left lobes
Right lobes
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Bronchial tree
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchiole
Alveoli
Lobule
Lab Station 3: Game: Trivia
Please use the cards provided to quiz each other. This is not a test; you are
welcome to use your text and your lecture notes.
Note: Histology
A microscope will be set up in the back of the lab room so that you can view a
slide of alveoli.
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 22:
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
Goblet cells
Mucus elevator
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Uvula
Laryngopharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Vocal ligaments
Vocal folds
Trachea
Tracheal cartilages
Annular ligaments
Trachealis muscle
Tracheal blockage
Tracheostomy
Bronchi
Bronchitis
Hilus
Lung
Apex
Base
Lobes
Pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Pleural fluid
Pneumothorax
Bronchial tree
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Lobule
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
Type 1 cells
Types 2 cells
Inhalation
Exhalation
Respiratory centers
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Lab 23: Digestive System
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Cadaver and digestive models
2. Identification: Cat digestive system
3. Histology: Digestive tissue
Lab Station 1: Identification: Cadaver and digestive models
Please use the cadaver, models, and your text to find all of the following
structures, and review the function of each:

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach: rugae, cardia, fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter

Greater omentum

Lesser omentum

Small intestine: plicae circulares, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal
valve, mesentery proper

Large intestine: cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon,
descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, mesocolon

Liver: hepatocytes, sinusoids, lobule, hepatic triad, central vein, bile
canaliculi

Gallbladder

Pancreas
Lab Station 2: Identification: Cat digestive system
One of the clearest cat dissections will be on display for you to identify the
following digestive system structures: esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
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Lab Station 3: Histology: Digestive tissue
The goal of this station is to become comfortable with the histology of the
digestive tract and accessory digestive organs. You will need to be familiar
with general tissue characteristics of the entire digestive tract, as well as
individual specializations of the various organs.
For the digestive tract, please make sure to identify the following
specializations. In each slide, also make sure to identify the common layers,
listed below.

Esophagus – stratified squamous epithelium, submucosa has esophageal
glands

Stomach – simple columnar epithelium, gastric pits

Small intestine – simple columnar epithelium, intestinal villi, goblet
cells, intestinal glands, lacteals

Large intestine – simple columnar epithelium, no villi, goblet cells,
lymphoid nodules, intestinal glands
Common layers along the digestive tract:

Mucosa – epithelium, areolar connective tissue

Submucosa – areolar connective tissue

Muscularis externa – circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers

Serosa – simple squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue
For the accessory digestive organs, make sure that you can identify:

Liver: lobule, hepatocytes, central vein, hepatic triad

Pancreas: islets of Langerhans (endocrine), pancreatic acini (exocrine)
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 23:
Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
Mesentery
Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Mumps
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Rugae
Chyme
Pyloric sphincter
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Gastric pits
Gastric glands
Gastric juice
Parietal cells
Instrinsic factor
Chief cells
Pepsinogen
Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Small intestine
Plicae circulares
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal valve
Mesentery proper
Intestinal villi
Brush border
Intestinal glands
Goblet cells
Large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Mesocolon
Rectum
Liver
Bile
Lobule
Hepatocytes
Sinusoids
Kupffer cells
Hepatic triads
Bile canaliculi
Central vein
Gallbladder
Common bile duct
Sphincter of Oddi
Gallstones
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice
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Lab 24: Urinary System
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Human kidney and models
2. Drawing: Nephron and pictionary
3. Histology: Nephron
Lab Station 1: Identification: Kidney models
Use the models provided to find the following:
Renal capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Renal pyramids
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Venules
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein
Nephron
Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron
Vasa recta
Renal corpuscle
Bowman’s capsule
Parietal epithelium
Visceral epithelium
Capsular space
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Collecting duct
Ureter
Bladder
Lab Station 2: Drawing: Nephron and pictionary
Use the paper and pens provided to draw a nephron. Include the blood vessels
supplying the nephron (afferent and efferent arterioles, glomerular capillary
bed, peritubular capillary bed). Label the sections and list the major function
of each section.
When you are finished, please use the Pictionary cards provided to practice
drawing those structures. Make sure the review the function of each structure.
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
Station 3: Histology : Nephron
Use the slides provided of the kidney and ureter and make sure you can
identify:

Kidney: renal corpuscle, loop of Henle, proximal and distal convoluted
tubule

Ureter: transitional epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, outer
connective tissue
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 24:
Renal
Renal capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Renal pyramids
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
Venules
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein
Antidiuretic hormone
Renin
Nephron
Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron
Renal corpuscle
Glomerular capsule
Parietal epithelium
Visceral epithelium
Capsular space
Podocytes
Filtrate
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Collecting duct
Kidney failure
Ureter
Bladder
Rugae
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
Urethra
Urogenital diaphragm
Micturation reflex
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Lab 25: Reproductive System
Lab Stations:
1. Identification: Reproductive structures
2. Drawing: Gamete development
3. Histology: Reproductive tissue
Lab Station 1: Identification: Reproductive structures
Use the models and your text to find the following:
Gonads
Testis
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Penis
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce
Corpora cavernosa
Corpora spongiosum
Ovary
Fallopian tubes
Fimbriae
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Vestibule
Labia minora
Clitoris
Labia majora
Lab Station 2: Drawing: Gamete development
Use the pens and paper provided to draw the steps involved in spermiogenesis
and oogenesis. Make sure to follow a pair of chromosomes through meiosis in
both processes, and show where meiosis is halted in the oocyte. For oogenesis,
also draw in the follicular stages.
Lab Station 3: Histology: Reproductive tissue
Use the microscopes and slides provided to identify the following:

Testes – seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, sustentacular cells

Penis – corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum, urethra

Ovary – primary, secondary, and graafian follicles, corpus luteum

Uterus – functional and basilar zones
Anatomy 1 Lab Manual, Spring 2008
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TERMS FOR LECTURE 25:
Sperm
Ovum
Gamete
Zygote
Gonads
Testes
Seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Interstitial cells
Testosterone
Sustentacular cells
Spermatocyte
Spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis
Acrosome
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Semen
Penis
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce
Preputial glands
Smegma
Corpora cavernosa
Corpora spongiosum
Ovary
Follicles
Oogenesis
Oogonia
Oocytes
Graafian follicle
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
Menopause
Fallopian tubes
Fimbriae
Uterus
Cervix
Cervical mucus
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Functional zone
Basilar zone
Menstrual cycle
Vagina
Vestibule
Labia minora
Clitoris
Greater vestibular glands
Labia majora
Mammary glands
Nipple
Areola
Lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous sinus