Download Green Power Technologies and CDM

Dr. V K Sethi ,
Director – UIT, RGPV Bhopal
Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9% requires
that by the year 2012, we would need an installed
capacity over 2,00,000 MW and by 2050 at the level
of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion or Terra Watt – This
poses a Terra watt challenges for India.
Major Contradictory Challenges
Faced by Developing world
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Quest for increased Generation
capacity - Terawatt Challenge
Climate Change
- rising GHG level
Continued focus on coal based
generation
Climate Change - rising GHG level
Green House Gas level rise from a current level
of 390 ppm and consequent climate change,
floods and draughts has affected 260 million
people between 2000 and 2004 through
natural calamities of these, 98% were in
developing nations.
Developed countries
with population of
15% of world population
have the share of
CO2 emissions at 50%.
There
is so much momentum
in
the
system that we will certainly double CO2
level by end of the
century.
Global
temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will
cause
displacement of over 330 million
people in developing world.
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World Green House inventory is over
29,000
Million
tones
per
annum
(MTPA) with US over 20% (India with
total emission of about 1400 MTPA is
only at 4.8 %.)
Coal is going to remain main stay for
power generation in at least next Three
decades for India (92,157 MW Coal
based generation out of 1,43,311 MW
total power installed capacity)
Therefore there is Global Tri-lima. The country is
thus facing:
 Quest for increased generation.
 Dependence on Coal based generation.
 Climate change due to rising GHG level.
Solution lies in
Adoption of Green Power Technologies
Low Carbon/ No Carbon technologies & Clean
Coal Technologies
Development of Carbon capture & Sequestration
technologies
The Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change
(IPCC) has confirmed:
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The temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by
0.76˚C over the past century.
It is very likely (more than 90˚ probability) that most of
this global warming was due to increased GHGs(green
house gases ), resulting from human activity.
Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among
the 12 warmest years on the instrumental record of
global surface temperature.
Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has
declined in both the hemispheres.
The Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change
(IPCC) has also confirmed:
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Widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps have
contributed to sea level rise.
At continental, regional and oceans basin scales,
numerous long term changes in climate have been
observed.
These
include
changes
in
Arctic
temperatures and ice precipitation amount, ocean
salinity, wind patterns, and aspects of extreme
weather including droughts, heavy precipitation,
heat waves, and the intensity of tropical cyclones.
Temperature is projected to increase further during
the 21st century. The extent of change will be
determined by how much more GHGs we introduce in
the atmosphere. Best estimate regarding the future
changes in climate by 2099 for low scenario is 1.8”
and for high scenario is 4.0”.
INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB
BY 2010
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POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY
1,43,311 MW …600 Billion kWh per annum
TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION BY 2010
 Central
46,500 MW
 State & IPP
41,800 MW
 NCES
10,700 MW
 Nuclear
6,400 MW
Total
105,400 MW
BY 2010 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY
…Over 1000 Billion kWh
THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWh (Unit)
GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2010
Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy
& Environment
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A terawatt Challenge of 2010 for India
To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy
they need by 2010, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil
equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by
2040,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for
limiting GHG emission levels
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By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in
Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal
Power:
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Thermal
Renewable & Hydro
Nuclear
Total
326,000MW
104,000 MW
20,000 MW
450,000 MW
Energy Security – Indian
Perspective
AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR:
Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
Technology.
 Promote CCT in countries like India & China where
coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.
 Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy
Generating Systems.
 Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil
Fuel Technology.
 Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
Rural Sector
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POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
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Installed capacity in Utilities as on April 07
…1, 43,311 MW
Thermal Installed Capacity…92,157 MW
(Coal 70,618 MW, Gas 14,582 MW, Diesel 1202 MW + Others- cogen etc.)
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Hydro Power …35,909 MW
Nuclear Power … 4120 MW
Renewable Energy Sources …11,125 MW
Electric Demand…..7-8% growth
Peak & Energy Shortage…..16.7% & 12.1%
Capacity Addition in 11th Plan……80,020 MW
INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT
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Total Installed Capacity … 1,43,311 MW
Thermal Generation
… over 66 %
Although no GHG reduction targets for India
but taken steps through adoption of
Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined
cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant
Performance optimization
Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of
GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable
development as per Framework Convention on
Climate change (FCCC)
FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
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GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES, SUPERCRICAL - FOR
ULTRA MEGA PROJECTS OF 4000 MW CAPACITY.
ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT,
POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR.
AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
50,000 MW HYDRO INITIATIVE
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR
FRESH LOOK ON OUR NUCLEAR POWER POLICY &
ACCELERATED GROWTH OF FAST BREEDER
REACTORS BASED ON THORIUM.
THRUST ON COAL WASHRIES & IGCC TECH
Low Carbon Economy on Sustainable Path
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Combating Climate Change – Nature’s Fury
Solar for irrigation
High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells
Hydrogen as Fuel for future
Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear
Reactor
Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC
Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport
Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence
by2030
….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005
Energy for the Earth Planet- Some issues
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World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US about 3TW, India - 0.12 TW) today to support 10
billion world population (Equivalent to230 million
barrels of oil /day)
By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. Thus
the world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2
energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid
century.
Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
challenge and at the same time contribute to the
reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
TW of global incident sunlight.
Energy for the Earth Planet- Some
issues…Contd.
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Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the
atmosphere during 21st century turn on the
viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies
CO2 capture, storage and then pumping to
aquifers, to stay for millennia.
In any case minimum 10 TW is needed
within a decade from Breeder Nuclear ,
CCTs and Renewables.
Biomass CO2 sequestration could also
meet this challenge.
Prime Clean Coal Technology Options
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Supercritical Power Plants
Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants
Zero Emission Technology
(ZET)
This Technology Combines and Forms a Part of :
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Clean Coal Technologies
Solid to liquid fuel technology
GHG mitigation technology
Clean Development Mechanism for power
sector
Non-CFC Refrigerant and Non-CFC Aerosol
Propellant Technology
Clean Aviation Fuel or ATF for aircraft
Substitute LPG for domestic use.
NCES POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY (In MW)
Renewable Energy Source
Wind
Bio Mass
+ Co-gen.
All India
MP
- Potential
84,776
5500
- Installed
14,772
- Potential
- Installed
Small Hydro – Potential
- Installed
Energy
- Potential
from Waste
- Installed
Solar PV
- Potential
- Installed
19,500
15
100
15,142
36
5000
410.13
1705
40
-
1700
42
50 MW/Sq. km
120MWp
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options
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World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US about 3TW, India - 0.12 TW) today to support 10
billion world population. This is Equivalent to230
million barrels of oil /day.
By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The
world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy
to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century.
Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
challenge and at the same time contribute to the
reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
TW of global incident sunlight.
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options…Contd.
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Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the
atmosphere during 21st century turn on the
viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies CO2
capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers,
to stay for millennia.
In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a
decade from Breeder Nuclear , Clean Coal
Technologies (CCTs) and Renewables.
Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this
challenge.
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MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL
CHALLENGES
Technology Breakthroughs in areas like CO2 capture
& Clean Coal Technologies
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Low cost Solar Photo Voltaic Cells.
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Energy efficiency on top of the agenda.
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Carbon trading in all Major Industries.
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Future funding in Clean Technologies.
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Evolving Base line methodologies for variety of
Green & Clean technologies.
Green Energy solutions
 Promote CCT in countries like India & China
where coal is main stay fuel for Power
Generation.
 Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
Technology
 Energy Farming
 Energy Efficiency
 Major shift towards Green Technologies
 Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
Rural Sector
Issues before the house
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Technology break thoughts in the areas like
CO2 capture and Clean Coal Technologies
Development of low cost solar photo voltaic
cells
Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy
Conservation on the top of the National
Agenda
Promotion of Carbon Trading on the
strength of Energy Efficiency and Green
Environment initiatives.
•
Energy conservation along with low-or-no- carbon
energy sources is the key to dealing with
the
global warming problem.
• All alternative sources such as Biomass,
Geothermal, Tidal, Solar and Wind will meet only a
quarter of projected demand for electricity by 2050
for supporting 10 billion
world populations.
• Though there are differing opinions of
some
technologists who favour nuclear
fission,
the only long term viable source of energy is thermo
nuclear fusion. If there is any chance of Helium-3
fusion becoming a practical reality by 2050, we
must better start now.
• There is serious under investment today in basic low
carbon energy technologies such as photovoltaic
materials for cost effective Solar Cells, membrane
materials for better fuel cells and wide band-gap
semiconductors for power electronics.
• Capacity addition targets of no-carbon sources
comprise of 6400 MW through Nuclear and 10700 MW
through non-conventional sources by 2012. These are
encouraging steps of Government of India.
• Major thrust in CO2 reduction in long term and
sustainable basis world came through adoption of
advanced technologies of Coal utilization for power
generation like Supercritical/ Ultra-supercritical power
cycle, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC),
Fluidized bed combustion/Gasification and so on.
•Revamping of old polluting power plants and
achieving energy conversion efficiencies in the range
of 40-45% by 2010 is the need of the hour.
•India joined hands with global community of 16
countries in R&D efforts through Carbon Sequestration
Leadership Forum (CSLF) in June 2003 and signed the
charter.
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India’s position with regard to Carbon
Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We
don’t make any commitment at this stage
regarding deployment of CCS technologies.
India advocates very strongly the Carbon
Capture & Sequestration.
Some of the demo pilot projects include.
- Pilot project on Geological CO2
sequestration
in basalt rock formation.
The question of adoption of CCS will depend
on this
technology being cost effective.
-Projects under DST sponsored National
Program on
Carbon
Sequestration
(NPCS)
•
A Large number of projects are in different
stages under NPCS through the country.
• India has also joined ‘Methane to Markets’
Partnership along with Argentina, Brazil, China,
Columbia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia,
Ukraine, UK in November 2004, for Hydrogasification of Coal & Biomass
• India has also collaborated with Canada, EU
countries, Japan, China and south Korea in
“International
Partnership
for
hydrogen
Economy (IPHE)” in November 2003.
•
US and India have signed the framework
protocol during April 2006 in New Delhi,
for the
“FutureGen” project aiming to
design develop
built and operate
first coal fired emission free power
plant of 275 MW. A project involving
IGCC + CO2 capture.
• The ITER- International Thermo Nuclear
Experimental Reactor project is well on
its way.
Pre-combustion de-carbonization is offering a
promising technology for carbon capture. A typical
example is coal gasification for production of
synthetic Gas (Syn Gas) of CO and H2. This CO and
H2 then react with steam to produce CO2 and H2.
The CO2 can be saturated and H2 used in fuel cell.
Other options include Oxy fuel technology involving
recycling of CO2 plus oxygen. Other options include
IGCC, Supercritical and Underground coal mining
which can reduce CO2 emission through
environmentally benign coal utilization for Power
Generation.
Post combustion approach on an actual fossil fuel
based Power Plant will be cost effective when CO2
concentration is increased such as in an oxy fuel
technology stated above. Likely options currently
identifiable for CO2 separation and capture include:
Chemical & Physical absorption
Pressure swing and electrical swing absorption
Cryogenic Separation
Capture in fuel cell & carbon Nano-tubes
Biochemical approach
RGTU INITIATIVES
Hybrid power plant of Wind, Solar & Biomass has been
setup which will pave way for sustainable power supply for
variety of biomass fuels & environment limitations.
Biomass Gasifier (10kW) & Bio-diesel Plant (100 LPD) has
been commissioned
Green Energy Technology Center has been set up to focus
on following areas:
- Clean Coal Technology & CDM
- Bio-fuels and bio-diesel
- Renewable Energy devices (hybrid) targeted to
produce 1 MW Power for the campus
- Energy Conservation & Management
- CO2 Sequestration & CO2 capture technologies
.
The pilot plant at RGPV is one of the Carbon Capture &
Sequestration plant together with CO2 conversion into
Hydrogen, Methane & Biodiesel through Algae Route.
FLUE GAS
FROM GASIFIER
H2
LEGEND
STEAM
N2
N2
F.G.
CO2
MEA
CH4
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
METHANE
MEA-01
MEA-02
MEA-03
CO
H2
LIGNITE
CH4
HYDROGEN
PRODUCER
CO
CONVERTOR
ASH
GAS SCRUBBER
04
ST
NaHCO3
PURE MEA
06
ST
CO2 STRIPPER
05
PURE H2 FOR
FULE CELL
SATURATED CO2
S
T
E
A
M
MEA -07
P2
FLUE
GAS
P1
BOILER
CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT
CO2 Sequestration Plant
A SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT MODEL
FOR INDIA
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Meeting Energy need of Rural India
(about 100 Billion Units per annum)
through use of Renewable Energy
technologies like Biomass, Wind, Solar
and their Hybrid.
Use of Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) &
Green Power Engineering (About 500
billion Units) for Mega Power Generation
for Cities, Industries and all other sectors
of economy.
Summary
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Coal is going to remain our main stay in Power
Scenario.
A synergy between Energy & Environment is need
of the day as over 56% GHG Emission is from
Energy Generating Systems, for which:
Accelerated growth of Power generation should be
coupled with Environmental concern through adoption
of Clean Coal Technologies
Renewable Energy Technologies need a fillip
particularly for Rural Sector
Energy Conservation measures will go a long way in
reducing Demand : Supply Gap
ONCE THE PROJECT IS TAKEN UP UNDER
CDM IT BECOMES SELF SUSTAINABLE.
THANK YOU