Download Industrial Revolution Robber Barrons Andrew Carnegie Vertical

Industrial Revolution
Robber Barrons
Andrew Carnegie
Vertical Integration
Chinese Exclusion Act Nativism
Social Darwinism
Ellis Island
Angel Island
Industrial
Agricultural
Slavery
Jim Crow
Trusts
Labor Unions
Americanize
Immigration Quotas
Child Labor
The Civil War tore the nation apart over the issue of slavery and states rights. Since the founding of the U.S., the
economy and culture developed along sectional lines with the North pursuing an ____________ wage labor economy
and the South an _________________ slave labor economy. The victory of the North gave the industrial economy the
benefit of free market development as the U.S. moved Westward after the war. _____________ would become
abolished with the 13th Amendment, but the promise of equal citizenship embedded in the 14th-15th Amendments would
remain elusive as _________ ________ laws established segregation and second class citizenship across the South.
In the North, ___________ ___________, or powerful industrialists would transform the nation and lead a second
industrial revolution that would make the U.S. the wealthiest nation in the world by World War I. Men like John D.
Rockefeller and _________ _________ established monopolies in new industries that made them incredibly wealthy. In
the steel industry, Carnegie developed ___________ __________, which allowed him to control all parts of the
production process from iron mining, to manufacturing steel in factories, to transporting finished products to market.
This was a period of fierce competition where a handful of titans of industry were able to dominate entire industries.
Through the establishment of _____________ and other ruthless business practices they eliminated the competition
which benefits consumers in the free market. Many pro-business people saw society as a struggle for the “survival of
the fittest”. These ___________ ______________ wanted a laissez faire government that let businesses operate
without regulation. On the other hand, ________ _________ and many progressives thought that workers and the poor
needed support. These groups organized to promote better working conditions and higher pay. They helped to outlaw
____________ ____________ by the beginning of the twentieth century.
The industrial boom was fueled by cheap labor that came to the U.S. through Asian and South Eastern European
immigration. Between 1880 and 1910, millions of Immigrants came through _________ _____________ in New York
and ________ ________ in California to find their “American Dream”. This lead to conflict with ______________, who
believed that immigrants were taking jobs and lowering the wages of native-born Americans. They put pressure on
foreign-born people to ______________________ and assimilate to “American” culture. They also worked to restrict
immigration. The _____________ ______________ ________ in 1882 was the first legislation to outlaw a group of
immigrants to come to the U.S. Immigration would slow down during WWI and in the 1920s the Red Scare and the rise
of the KKK would lead to ___________________ _____________ that severely restricted immigration from non-Western
Europeans until 1965.
U.S. Imperialism
Open Door Policy
Spanish American War
Hawaii
Raw Materials
Theodore Roosevelt
Big Stick Policy
William Taft
anti-imperialists
Woodrow Wilson
Dollar Diplomacy
Latin America
Monroe Doctrine
Moral Diplomacy
Native Americans
Mexicans
Panama Canal
China
Manifest Destiny
Atlantic
Pacific
Philippines
Democracy
With the expansion of the economy due to industrialization, and the closing of the Western Frontier, the U.S. began to
look overseas for ________ _________ and new markets. Throughout the 19th century Europeans used their
technological advantages to colonize the African continent and many parts of Asia. The U.S. focused its political and
economic expansion in North America and displaced _________ __________ from across the continent and
________________ from the South West in wars of aggression. In 1898, during the ______________ _______________
_____ the U.S. would for the first time embark on overseas expansion and become a global imperialist power.
The focus of U.S. imperialism between 1898 and the start of WWI in 1914 was protecting U.S. business interests in
_________ __________, and strengthening U.S. trade in the Pacific. Since the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848
brought California into the union, the U.S. saw itself in a unique position to be the world’s only two-ocean imperial
power. Many expansionists viewed imperialism as part of America’s ____________ _______________ to spread
Western culture and industrial progress across the continent and eventually the world. The U.S. purchased Alaska from
Russia in 1867 and annexed _______________ in 1898. Hawaii is an island in a strategic location for shipping across the
Pacific, and U.S. control over the island ensured coaling stations and access to important tropical agricultural products
like sugar. In __________, the U.S. pursued the ___________ __________ ___________ to create equal trading rights
for U.S. businesses in the lucrative Asian market. In order, to strengthen U.S. trade in the region many imperialists felt
overseas colonial possessions were a necessity and promoted an aggressive foreign policy against Europe’s weakest
imperial power. The Spanish American War was fought in both the Caribbean and the ______________________ and
ended in a U.S. victory. Despite, the desire of colonized peoples for independence, the U.S. established the right to
intervene in Cuba, acquired Puerto Rico as a colony of the U.S. and created a protectorate in the Philippines. Imperialist
expansion created many questions about the nature of American identity and our national morality. If the U.S. is a
__________________, how can it subjugate other peoples and nations? For some ________ ______________ U.S.
expansion overseas was an example of U.S. hypocrisy, for others, the inclusion of Latin American and Philippine peoples
in the fabric of the U.S. were a threat to the “Anglo-Saxon” roots of white Americans.
__________ ____________ is the President most closely associated with imperialist America. His ______
______________ __________________ focused on the use of military force where diplomacy failed to promote U.S.
national interests. He supported a revolution in Panama from Columbia, in order to gain the access to the land to build
the ______________ ____________. The canal was an incredible engineering feat that allowed ships to pass from the
________________ to ______________ oceans without sailing around South America. The U.S. was finally able to exert
military and economic domination over the Caribbean and Central America and end the threat of further European
colonization in the Americas. Roosevelt added a corollary to the _________________ ___________________, which
stated that the Americas are closed to European colonization and are a part of the U.S. sphere of influence. William
Howard _____________ would expand on this policy with _____________ __________________ that focused on the
expansion of U.S. business interests in Latin America. Woodrow Wilson continued U.S. intervention in the region, even
though his ________________ _____________________ stressed the importance of free trade and self-determination.
World War I
Fourteen Points
Lusitania
Schenck V. U.S.
League of Nations
“Safe for Democracy”
Woodrow Wilson
Red Scare
Neutral
Zimmerman Telegram
rejected
Treaty of Versailles
isolationism
anarchists
British blockade
limited
submarine warfare
_______________ ______________ Moral diplomacy focused on the U.S. spreading democracy around the world. His
idealistic vision of U.S. foreign policy would be tested in World War I. The U.S. remained _____________ during the first
three years of the conflict. It was a devastating war between Europeans two great alliances over empire and national
pride. The U.S. was safely across the Atlantic Ocean and many Americans felt no need to intervene in the conflict. Many
U.S. businesses and farmers flourished in trade with the Triple Entente, but the ___________ _____________ denied
U.S. ships access to Germany who also wanted food and ammunition. In response to the blockade the German’s used
_______________ ___________________ to attack ships carrying weapons to Europe. One such ship was the
____________________, which a German U-boat sunk in 1915 killing 1,198 people, including 118 Americans.
Unrestricted submarine Warfare by the Germans, together with the _________________ ______________________
eventually pushed the U.S. into the war on the side of the British and French. Wilson proclaimed the U.S. would fight to
make the “World ________ _____ ______________”.
The U.S. helped to break the stalemate on the Western Front and after Germany’s surrender Wilson traveled to Paris to
help shape the ______________ ___ _____________________. As part of Wilson’s ______________
__________________, he wanted to create a lasting peace based on the principles of free trade, self-determination, and
the creation of a ______________ _____ __________________. Wilson ended up compromising with Britain and France
on territorial divisions and the punishment of Germany in order to create the League of Nations. The U.S. Senate
_____________ the Treaty of Versailles because of the fear that the League would drag the U.S. into more foreign wars.
After World War I the U.S. returned to its traditional policy of _______________ and turned away from internationalism.
During the war, the U.S. government took emergency powers and reorganized the economy to support the war effort.
Many socialists and _______________ were against the war and attempted to protest the war machine. In
______________ ____ _______, the Supreme Court decided that civil liberties, such as freedom of speech and the right
to protest are _______________ during a time of war. The restrictions of civil liberties would continue after the war
with the hunt for communists during the _________ _____________.
Roaring Twenties Part I
Laissez-Faire
“Business of America is Business”
Immigration Quotas
Red Scare
Automobile
Teapot Dome Scandal
Calvin Coolidge
Assembly Line
Harding
Palmer Raids
Popular Culture
Sacco & Vanzetti
As World War I ended, the demand for U.S. products in Europe decreased, and the U.S. entered the 1920s in a recession.
The nation turned its back on Europe and Wilson’s internationalism, and wanted as the new Republican President
_____________ termed it, “A Return to Normalcy”. The new decade would lead to an incredible growth in prosperity
with pro-business ________ _____________ policies in government. Successive Republican presidencies by Harding,
Coolidge and Hoover would preside over incredible industrial growth through cutting taxes and spending cuts on
government. Innovations in manufacturing were pioneered by Henry Ford’s _________ ________ and the
_______________ revolutionized transportation. Inventions like the radio created a new ___________ ____________
as movies, music, and sports helped to replace regional cultures with a mass national culture. During this time big
business was championed and government cracked down on labor unions and communist sympathizers. After a series
of high profile bombings, the U.S. Attorney’s office launched the ___________ ___________, to arrest suspected
revolutionaries and deport immigrants seen as a threat to American industrial capitalism. The anti-immigrant sentiment
combined with fears of the ________ _________, after the Russian Revolution created the world’s first Communist
state, increased the backlash against Southern and Eastern European immigrants. The _________ ______
_____________ case was an example of the hysteria that the business class and nativist American’s felt towards foreignborn Americans. These two Italian anarchists were found guilty of a murder and executed without compelling evidence.
The nativist mentality encouraged the passing of ____________ _____________ that restricted the further immigration
of non-Western European nations and effectively closed the borders until the mid-1960s. At the same time government
corruption under the Harding administration lead to the ________ ________ _____________, in which government
lands were leased to oil companies and Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall received money for the deal. Government
seemed to be in the pocket of big business, but business boomed and radical voices were silenced. President
_____________ ____________ said, “The __________ __ ____________ __ _____________”. In 1928 President Hoover
predicted permanent prosperity.
Roaring Twenties Part II
18th Amendment
19th Amendment
Women’s Suffrage
Speakeasies
Scopes Trial
Marcus Garvey
Prohibition
Bootleggers
ACLU
Volstead Act
KKK jazz
NAACP
Langston Hughes
Zora Neale Hurston
Harlem Renaissance Great Migration
The Roaring Twenties were also a period of great social tension between urban and rural America. Rural America was
more traditional and they felt threatened by modern, urban Americans. They organized through groups like the
_______, to restrict the social and political advancement of African Americans, Catholics and immigrants. They pursued
legislation like the ____ ____________ to encourage the ____________ of alcohol, which they saw as sinful. In
Tennessee, they passed a law, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools. The ________, an
organization established for the protection of civil liberties, decided to challenge the law and the __________
__________, showed the two sides of a divided America, one fundamentalist Christian and the other secular and
modern.
Despite attempts to slow down social change, the sweeping changes brought about by WWI would remake America.
From the South, African Americans embarked upon a __________ ___________ that would last through the 1960s as
millions of people left the South in search of jobs in Northern factories and increased opportunities outside of the Jim
Crow South. They would move to urban centers like Chicago, Detroit, Oakland, and most-famously New York, where a
___________ ____________ brought together artists, musicians and other intellectuals that would popularize Black
culture. _______ ____________ rose to power with his call for a “Back to Africa” movement and Black Nationalism.
Other organizations like the _______ fought against lynching and worked for civil rights here in America. Poets like
___________ _______________ and female writers like _________ ________ ___________ would give a voice to
African American identity for a wider audience and ________ music would fill the radio waves. The Roaring Twenties
were a time of hedonism as some people broke through the colored line, and many urbanites drank alcohol illegally in
_________________. ________________ like Al Capone created urban empires as masses of people broke the law and
the _____________ ______ was seen to be unenforceable.
Women were a big part of this societal shift as they earned the right to vote with the passage of the _______
__________________. Young women in the 1920s known as ______________, embraced the modern lifestyle and
freedoms made available with increased job opportunities, _________ ___________, birth control and more daring
fashions that reflected their new independence. Many people thought the good times would last forever.
Great Depression/New Deal
Herbert Hoover
Stock Market Crash
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Credit
Rugged Individualism
Federal Reserve
AAA
Bank Failures
Overproduction
Under-consumption
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Dust Bowl
New Deal
CCC
TVA
Labor Unions
Social Security
FDIC
speculation
relief
Brain Trust
The prosperity of the 1920s was not universal. Since WWI farmers had suffered from _________________ and a fall in
prices. Crop prices have always lead to booms and busts, but during the good times of WWI many farmers took on loans
that they could not repay during the hard times of the 1920s. Bankruptcies were further increased by the _______
__________, a series of droughts that depleted the topsoil across the Mid West. During the Great Depression thousands
of Oakies and Arkies would make their way from the Great Plains to California in search of work.
Although farmers felt the pains of overproduction and _______-___________ in the 1920s, the rest of America would
soon feel the effects of an unsound economy. There is no single cause that lead to the dramatic drop in the economy
between 1929 and 1933, but a combination of policies and circumstances lead to the greatest and most prolonged
economic decline the U.S. had ever experienced. The most dramatic event that signaled the beginning of the Great
Depression was the ___________ __________ _________ in October of 1929. During the 1920s a bull market lead many
people to believe prosperity was permanent and ______________ investing encouraged banks and average Americans
to bet on Wall Street profits with money they could not afford to lose. Many Americans were enjoying an increased
standard of living because of the easy _________ made available by low interest rates set by the __________
_______________. Wages had not increased with the expansion of business, and borrowing took the place of real
earning. All bubbles burst eventually, and as people began to question the real value of the ever-rising stock market, a
panic of selling lead to a loss of $85 billion of value. This loss caused many _______ ___________, and individual savings
would be wiped out when the banks closed. President ___________ ____________ and the Federal Reserve were slow
to respond to the crisis, as many conservatives believed booms and busts were a natural part of the business cycle. They
underestimated the structural problems with the American economy and the philosophy of ______________
_________________ downplayed the suffering of many Americans.
Before the Great Depression the federal government was small and the pro-business policies of conservative
Republicans dominated economic policies. Hoover attempted to strengthen the domestic economy through the
__________ ____________ ___________, but higher tariffs only lead to a decrease in international trade as other
nations embraced isolationism. Britain, France and the U.S. each dealt with their own domestic problems independently
and were unable to work together to combat the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany, and a totalitarian Communist
state in the new Soviet Union. In the Presidential election of 1932 Americans soundly rejected Hoover’s attempt to
stimulate the economy through the _____________ ______________ _____________, which focused on loans to big
business, instead of unemployment relief and economic reforms. Hoover’s “voluntary” cooperation strategy was too
slow when nearly 25% of Americans were unemployed by 1932. The nation elected New York governor
_________________ ___ ________________ to fix the economy.
In a flurry of activity during his first 100 days, FDR brought together a ________ ________ of academics and reformers
to put in place a series of policies he called the _______ ____________. His purpose was to promote reform, recovery
and ________ to a nation suffering from the Great Depression. It was a liberal approach to reform the capitalist system
and avoided a radical shift to the right like Hitler’s Germany or the left like Stalin’s Soviet Union. Although, FDR would
be the only American President to be elected to 4 terms in office and assume emergency powers that greatly expanded
the power of the Presidency, democracy would be preserved.
The New Deal established many programs that sought to address the fundamental problems of the Depression. It
created the _______ to pay farmers to decrease farm production so that the crop prices could stabilize. The
____________ was created to insure bank deposits so that individuals could trust that banks were a safer place to invest
their money than under their mattresses. The _______ was developed to put the urban unemployed to work planting
trees and taking care of the nation’s natural resources. They also attempted to increase wages and employment
through the National Recovery Act, which set codes for various industries and guaranteed the right of _________
___________ to collective bargaining. The most progressive reform was the experiment in government planning as part
of the ___________, which brought electricity to rural farm communities in one of the poorest regions of the country.
Many New Deal programs would be temporary or have mixed results, but the establishment of ________
______________, a government organized retirement plan for the disabled and the elderly would be the most long
lasting reform of the liberal welfare state. In the end, the Great Depression was not ended by the governmental policies
of the New Deal, but the increased demand for American products caused by the Second World War.